Pharmacology of Lipids and Anticoagulants

<p>Gastrointestinal irritation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDL-C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting thrombin formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to bile acids in the intestine for excretion in feces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutaneous flushing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protamine sulfate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercholesterolemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolving existing clots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serious bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfarin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telmisartan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing the heart rate and inhibiting renin release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing cardiac contractility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood backing up into veins that take blood through the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eplerenone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors to cause vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methyldopa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prazosin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe elevation in blood pressure without evidence of target organ damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ejection fraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability of the ventricle to pump effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonism of aldosterone in the kidney, leading to sodium and water diuresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium channel blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Captopril (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing the effects of angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilation of the coronary vasculature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublingual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic angina, particularly when other treatments have not worked (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport cholesterol to peripheral cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carry cholesterol to the liver for breaking down (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above 240 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the late phase of sodium current. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High HDL and low LDL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that block the action of alpha-adrenergic receptors in small blood vessels, causing vasodilation.

Drugs that directly relax blood vessels, reducing arterial blood pressure.

Drugs that act on the vasomotor center of the brain, controlling blood pressure centrally.

A condition characterized by a severe elevation in blood pressure (>180/120 mm Hg) without evidence of target organ damage.

A rare, life-threatening condition with extremely high blood pressure (>180/120 mm Hg) and signs of imminent organ damage (stroke, heart attack).

A complex, progressive disorder where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

A measurement of the percentage of blood ejected from the heart with each beat, indicating the heart's pumping efficiency.

A type of heart failure where the ventricle cannot pump effectively, reducing the heart's ability to deliver blood.

A type of fat found in the blood, elevated levels are linked to increased risk of heart disease.

A condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood.

Drugs that block the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

Medicines that help lower triglycerides and raise HDL cholesterol by acting on the liver.

A B vitamin, also known as niacin, which helps lower cholesterol and raise HDL.

Drugs that bind to bile acids in the gut, preventing their reabsorption and reducing cholesterol levels.

A family history of early heart disease, smoking, high blood pressure, low HDL, obesity, diabetes.

Diet and exercise are the primary modes of treatment to lower triglycerides.

Drugs that prevent the formation of blood clots by inhibiting the action of platelets.

A medication that inhibits the formation of a platelet-rich clot. Examples include aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, and dipyridamol.

Drugs that prevent the formation of blood clots by interfering with the coagulation cascade.

An anticoagulant drug that inhibits the action of clotting factors. Heparin is administered parenterally, prolongs clotting time, inhibits thrombin formation, and is used to prevent venous thrombosis.

A type of medication used to treat high blood pressure.

An oral anticoagulant drug that interferes with the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Warfarin is used to prevent venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

They are used for intravenous administration in the treatment of coronary artery thrombosis associated with myocardial infarction. These drugs can cause serious bleeding and arrhythmia. Eg: Streptokinase, urokinase, and tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA)

A condition where there is an excess of lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood.

A type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to peripheral cells. Excess cholesterol can contribute to atherosclerosis.

The test used to monitor the extent of anticoagulation with heparin.

The standard test to monitor the extent of anticoagulation with warfarin.

A type of lipoprotein that collects cholesterol from peripheral cells and takes it to the liver for excretion. High levels of HDL are beneficial.

A medication that dilates the coronary arteries, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.

A sodium channel blocker used for the treatment of chronic angina.

A medication that dilates the coronary vasculature, providing increased blood supply to the heart muscle. It is often used for the treatment of angina.

A condition characterized by chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.

Medicines that block the effects of angiotensin II, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure. They are often used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.

A type of medication that blocks the effects of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates salt and water balance in the body. They help reduce fluid retention and improve heart function in patients with severe heart failure.

Medicines that block the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) and other hormones involved in the 'fight or flight' response. They slow the heart rate, reduce blood pressure, and improve blood flow to the heart.

Medicines that help remove excess fluid from the body, reducing swelling and pressure. They play a key role in managing heart failure by improving blood circulation and reducing the burden on the heart.

Venodilators and arterial dilators (respectively) that open up blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing pressure on the heart. They are particularly helpful in patients with chronic heart failure.

Medicines that strengthen the heart muscle, making it pump blood more effectively. They are used in severe cases of heart failure when the heart is not able to pump blood adequately.

A common side effect associated with certain medications, particularly those used in treating heart failure.

A decrease in blood pressure, which can cause feelings of dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting.

Thiazide diuretics, like chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide, work by interfering with the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and water in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, leading to increased urine production. They are used for treating chronic edema and essential hypertension.

Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, bumetanide, and ethacrynic acid, are potent diuretics that block the reabsorption of salt and water in the ascending loop of Henle. They are highly effective in treating acute episodes of pulmonary edema due to their strong water-removing action.

Potassium-sparing diuretics, including triamterene, spironolactone, amiloride, and triamterene, work by blocking the action of aldosterone in the kidneys. This prevents the reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to increased urine production and potassium retention.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, such as propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, timolol, and nadolol, work by blocking the action of beta-adrenergic receptors in the body, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure. They are often used as first-line therapy for hypertension.

Calcium channel blockers, including nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine, isradipine, and lercanidipine, work by blocking calcium channels in smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation of blood vessels and reduced blood pressure. They are particularly effective in treating certain types of chest pain (angina).

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and perindopril, work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. This reduces blood pressure and helps with sodium excretion by inhibiting the action of aldosterone.

Angiotensin II antagonists, such as losartan, candesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, and telmisartan, block the action of angiotensin II directly, leading to vasodilation, reduced blood pressure, and increased sodium and water excretion. They are similar to ACE inhibitors in their effects but work at a different target.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a complex hormonal system that plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. The system involves several key components, including renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and aldosterone.