Pharmacology of Folic Acid and B12

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of hydroxocobalamin?

To treat iron deficiency anemia

To increase red blood cell count

To prevent protein synthesis

To treat vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia (correct)

Which lab values should be monitored while administering hydroxocobalamin?

Liver function tests

Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum electrolytes (correct)

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and sodium

Creatinine and glucose levels

What is a recommended nursing consideration when administering hydroxocobalamin?

Administering it in the same location every time

Monitoring for signs of anaphylaxis (correct)

Testing for glucose levels before administration

Administering only orally for best absorption

What adverse effect may occur at the injection site of hydroxocobalamin?

Pain and discomfort Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is a contraindication for administering hydroxocobalamin?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is appropriate for patients being treated for megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency?

Diet high in folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual route of administration for hydroxocobalamin?

Intramuscular (IM) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key patient education points when administering hydroxocobalamin injections?

Return to healthcare provider for periodic assessments of hematocrit Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with antimycobacterial medications?

Hypersensitivity reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which lab tests should be monitored before starting antimycobacterial therapy?

BUN, creatinine, and LFTs Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is diphenhydramine contraindicated?

Pregnancy and lactation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing consideration for administering antimycobacterial medications?

Administer with food to reduce nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of antimycobacterial therapy?

Bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

How should clients be educated regarding the use of antimycobacterial medications?

Take as directed and complete the entire prescription Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible nursing consideration specific to diphenhydramine usage?

Watch for signs of urinary retention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for Paxlovid?

Moderate renal impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of nirmatrelvir in Paxlovid?

Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 main protease Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect should patients be informed about when taking antimycobacterial drugs?

Enlarged breasts in males Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is noted for Paxlovid?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What monitoring is crucial for patients with possible renal impairment when taking Paxlovid?

BUN and creatinine Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient do if they miss a dose of Paxlovid?

Take it as soon as remembered, but do not double doses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing considerations is essential before starting treatment with Paxlovid?

Assess blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication class does Paxlovid belong to?

Antiviral: protease inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Why should Paxlovid be used cautiously in patients with moderate renal impairment?

Increased risk of adverse effects due to plasma concentration elevation Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effects are commonly associated with inhaled steroids like Budesonide?

Irritability Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contraindication for the use of Budesonide?

Use in emergency situations Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing consideration should be followed when administering medications to a patient with a history of renal impairment?

Monitor labs like creatinine and liver function tests Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect may occur as a result of long-term use of inhaled steroids like Budesonide?

Rebound congestion Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse advise a patient who experiences dizziness after medication administration?

Rinse mouth after inhaler use to mitigate effects Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored regularly when using medications like Budesonide?

Blood sugars Signup and view all the answers

Which patient condition warrants caution when administering Zafirlukast?

Hepatic disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of administration for Budesonide?

Inhaler, IM, or IV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assessments is critical before administering H1 receptor antagonists?

Assess history of arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What should patients do after using a bronchodilator inhaler to prevent side effects?

Rinse their mouth thoroughly Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term effect of using certain respiratory medications?

Decreased bone density Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the use of Zafirlukast?

Hepatotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

In what situation should a patient notify their healthcare provider when using a bronchodilator?

If they develop a respiratory infection Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory tests should be monitored when a patient is on Zafirlukast?

Liver function tests Signup and view all the answers

What action can reduce the risk of neuropsychiatric events in patients taking Zafirlukast?

Maintaining regular follow-up appointments Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the instructions for administering Zafirlukast?

Take on an empty stomach Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Folic Acid

Folic acid is used to treat megaloblastic anemia, a condition where red blood cells are larger than normal and are unable to carry enough oxygen due to a deficiency in folate.
Folic acid can be administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously.
Folic acid is used to prevent neural tube defects in fetuses.
Patients should be educated to return to their healthcare provider for periodic assessment of their hematocrit levels.

Hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency, a condition where the body does not have enough vitamin B12.
It is used to treat pernicious anemia, a condition where the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 from food due to a lack of intrinsic factor.
Hydroxocobalamin is administered intramuscularly.
Patients should be educated that they will receive an injection every day for between five and 10 days.

Paxlovid

Paxlovid is an antiviral medication used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients at high risk for progressing to severe disease.
Paxlovid is a combination of two antiviral medications: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir.
Nimatrelvir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease which prevents viral replication. Ritonavir inhibits the metabolism of nirmatrelvir and increases the plasma concentration of nirmatrelvir.
Paxlovid should be administered orally and patients should be educated to take the entire prescription as directed.
Patients should be educated that they will receive an injection every day for between five and 10 days.

Isoniazid

Isoniazid is an antimycobacterial drug used to treat tuberculosis.
Isoniazid is used as part of combination therapy to treat active tuberculosis.
Isoniazid can be given for prophylactic treatment of people who live with someone who recently was diagnosed with tuberculosis.
Patients should be educated about the importance of taking the full course of treatment as directed.
Patients should be educated to notify their healthcare provider if they experience jaundice or tingling in their fingers or toes as these may be signs of a severe adverse reaction.
Patients should be educated about bone marrow suppression associated with the drug.

Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine, an antihistamine, blocks the effects of histamine at H1 receptor sites, which reduces the allergic response.
Diphenhydramine is commonly used to treat seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, uncomplicated urticaria, and angioedema.
Diphenhydramine is commonly administered orally, intravenously, or intramuscularly.
Patients should be educated to notify their healthcare provider if they experience a heart rate of 100 bpm or above, sustained palpitations, or chest pain.

Budesonide

Budesonide is an inhaled steroid, it reduces inflammation in the airways.
Budesonide is used to prevent and treat asthma.
Budesonide can be used to treat patients with chronic steroid-dependent asthma.
Budesonide is administered via inhaler, it is not a rescue medication.
Patients should be educated to rinse their mouths following each use of the inhaler as this can help to reduce adverse effects like sore throat, hoarseness, and dry mouth.
Patients should be educated to notify their healthcare provider of any respiratory tract infections.
Patients should be educated about the possible long-term side effects of the drug such as glaucoma, cataracts, and decreased bone density.

Zafirlukast

Zafirlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that blocks receptors for leukotrienes.
Zafirlukast is used to prevent and treat long-term asthma in adults and children older than five years old.
Zafirlukast should be administered orally at regular intervals.
Patients should be educated that the drugs should be taken on an empty stomach.

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Description

This quiz covers the applications and mechanisms of folic acid and hydroxocobalamin in treating specific anemias and deficiencies. It also touches upon the administration methods and patient education related to these medications. Assess your knowledge on these important vitamins and their clinical implications.