Pharmacology of Diuretics
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of diuretics on urinary flow rates?

  • Depend on the type of diuretic used
  • Decrease urinary flow rates
  • Have no effect on urinary flow rates
  • Increase urinary flow rates (correct)

    • Which type of diuretic is associated with potassium sparing?

  • Furosemide
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
  • Thiazide
  • Kalium-sparing (correct)

    • What is the effect of mannitol on urine production?

  • Depend on the dose of mannitol used
  • Have no effect on urine production
  • Decrease urine production
  • Increase urine production (correct)

    • Which of the following is an antagonist of ADH?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Furosemide on sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Decrease sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of diuretic that works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with acute edema?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit CA and Na+/HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical use of acetazolamide?

    <p>Treatment of glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

    <p>Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of osmotic diuretics on water excretion?

    <p>Increase water excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a loop diuretic?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

    <p>Inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical use of loop diuretics?

    <p>Treatment of acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect of loop diuretics?

    <p>Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse reaction of osmotic diuretics?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diuretics is known to inhibit NaCl reabsorption from the luminal DCT?

    <p>Thiazide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diuretics is an aldosterone antagonist?

    <p>Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Inhibition of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diuretics is known to cause carbohydrate intolerance?

    <p>Thiazide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical use of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diuretics is known to cause allergic reactions?

    <p>Demeclocycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of demeclocycline?

    <p>Inhibition of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diuretics is known to cause hyperlipidemia?

    <p>Thiazide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical use of spironolactone?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of decreased cardiac output on the kidney?

    <p>Decreased glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse reaction to a certain medication?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of xanthines on the kidney?

    <p>Increased glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of decreased renal blood flow on the kidney?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased cardiac output on sodium levels?

    <p>Increased sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of hyperkalemia on the kidney?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diuretics

    • Diuretics increase urinary flow rates, causing Na3CI reabsorption and water loss.

    Mechanism of Action

    • Diuretics work by inhibiting Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing urinary flow rates and water loss.

    Types of Diuretics

    • Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
      • Inhibit carbonic anhydrase enzyme in the proximal tubule.
      • Inhibit NaHCO3 reabsorption, leading to ↓ HCO3.
      • Clinical uses:
        • Glaucoma (↓ aqueous humor formation, ↓ intraocular pressure).
        • Urine alkalinization (weak acid drugs excretion).
        • Metabolic Alkalosis (Nk3, intravascular volume ↑, ↑ mineralcorticoid).
        • Acute mountain sickness (VCSF ↓, pHCSF).
      • Adverse reactions:
        • Hypercholeremic metabolic acidosis.
        • Osmotic diuresis.
        • Renal stones.
        • Ca2+ excretion.
        • Phosphaturia.
        • Hypercalciuria.
    • Osmotic Diuretics
      • Increase water excretion.
      • Inhibit water reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
      • Examples:
        • Mannitol.
      • Clinical uses:
        • Acute pulmonary edema.
        • Acute renal failure.
        • Elevated intracranial pressure.
        • Osmotic diarrhea.
      • Adverse reactions:
        • Dehydration.
        • Hyponatremia.
    • Loop Diuretics
      • Inhibit Na+ and K+ reabsorption in the Loop of Henle.
      • Examples:
        • Furosemide.
        • Bumetanide.
        • Torsemide.
        • Ethacrynic acid.
      • Clinical uses:
        • Hyperkalemia.
        • Hypercalcamia.
        • Acute pulmonary edema.
        • Mild hypertension.
        • Acute renal failure.
        • Anion poisoning treatment.
      • Adverse reactions:
        • Dehydration.
        • Hyponatremia.
        • Hypokalemia.
        • Metabolic alkalosis.
        • Allergic reaction.
        • Ototoxicity.
        • Hypomagnesemia.
        • Hyperuricacemia.
    • Thiazide Diuretics
      • Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the Distal Convoluted Tubule.
      • Examples:
        • Chlorothiazide.
        • Chlortalidone.
      • Clinical uses:
        • Mild heart failure.
        • Hypertension.
        • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
        • Prevent recurrent stone formation.
      • Adverse reactions:
        • Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis.
        • Hyperuricaemia.
        • Hyponatremia.
        • Fatigue.
        • Allergic reaction.
        • Carbohydrate intolerance.
        • Hyperglycemia.
        • Hyperlipidemia.
    • Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
      • Inhibit aldosterone's effects in the Collecting Duct.
      • Examples:
        • Spironolactone (Aldactone).
        • Triamterene (Dyrenium).
        • Amiloride (Midamor).
      • Clinical uses:
        • Heart failure.
        • Hyperaldosteronism.
        • Hepatic cirrhosis.
        • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
        • Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH).
      • Adverse reactions:
        • Hyperkalemia.
        • Headache.
        • Nausea.
        • Cardiac toxicity.
        • Renal failure.

    Other Diuretics

    • Xanthines
      • Examples:
        • Caffeine.
        • Theophylline.
      • Mechanism:
        • Increase cardiac output and RBF.
        • Increase GFR.
        • ↓ Na+, Cl- and water loss.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanism of action of diuretics, including their effects on urinary flow rates, sodium chloride reabsorption, and blood pressure.

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