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Questions and Answers
What is the alternative to 3rd generation cephalosporin in treating bacterial meningitis?
What is the alternative to 3rd generation cephalosporin in treating bacterial meningitis?
What is the effect of calcium on the absorption of tetracyclines?
What is the effect of calcium on the absorption of tetracyclines?
What is the primary route of elimination of doxycycline?
What is the primary route of elimination of doxycycline?
Why are tetracyclines contraindicated in children under 8 years old?
Why are tetracyclines contraindicated in children under 8 years old?
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What is the effect of taking tetracyclines with milk products?
What is the effect of taking tetracyclines with milk products?
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Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for tetracyclines?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for tetracyclines?
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What is the primary mechanism of adverse effect of chloramphenicol in patients with low levels of G6PD?
What is the primary mechanism of adverse effect of chloramphenicol in patients with low levels of G6PD?
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What is the primary route of elimination of chloramphenicol from the body?
What is the primary route of elimination of chloramphenicol from the body?
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What is the advantage of using doxycycline in specific infections?
What is the advantage of using doxycycline in specific infections?
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Why is the use of chloramphenicol limited?
Why is the use of chloramphenicol limited?
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What is the primary reason why clindamycin and broad-spectrum antimicrobials may induce pseudomembraneous colitis?
What is the primary reason why clindamycin and broad-spectrum antimicrobials may induce pseudomembraneous colitis?
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Which of the following antibiotics is a protein synthesis inhibitor?
Which of the following antibiotics is a protein synthesis inhibitor?
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What is the primary characteristic of chloramphenicol absorption?
What is the primary characteristic of chloramphenicol absorption?
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What is the primary distribution characteristic of chloramphenicol?
What is the primary distribution characteristic of chloramphenicol?
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What is the primary organ responsible for the elimination of macrolides?
What is the primary organ responsible for the elimination of macrolides?
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Which of the following macrolides is not an inhibitor of the liver microsomal enzyme system?
Which of the following macrolides is not an inhibitor of the liver microsomal enzyme system?
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What is the main reason for contraindicating macrolides in patients with hepatic dysfunction?
What is the main reason for contraindicating macrolides in patients with hepatic dysfunction?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of azithromycin's pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of azithromycin's pharmacokinetics?
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What is the main adverse effect of clindamycin?
What is the main adverse effect of clindamycin?
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What is the main indication for the use of clindamycin?
What is the main indication for the use of clindamycin?
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Chloramphenicol
- Adverse effects: gastrointestinal disturbance, diarrhea, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, and gray baby syndrome
- Risk of drug interactions: inhibits liver microsomal enzymes (LME)
- Pharmacokinetics: lipophilic, completely absorbed orally, widely distributed, and eliminated through liver conjugation with glucuronide and renal tubule secretion
- Uses: restricted due to toxicity, but used for bacterial meningitis, anaerobic brain abscess, typhoid fever, and eye infections
Tetracyclines
- Broad spectrum antibiotics effective against Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Gram +ve and -ve bacteria
- Examples: doxycycline, minocycline
- Pharmacokinetics: incompletely absorbed orally, decreased by Ca2+, iron, antacids, and dairy products, and eliminated through metabolism, glucuronidation, and renal excretion
- Adverse effects: gastric discomfort, GIT disturbance, diarrhea, deposition in bone and primary dentition, hepatotoxicity, and phototoxicity
- Contraindications: renally impaired patients, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and children under 8 years old
Macrolides
- Effective against atypical pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia, and Chlamydia
- Examples: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
- Pharmacokinetics: absorption decreased by food, concentrated in the liver, and eliminated through liver metabolism
- Adverse effects: epigastric pain, hepatotoxicity, and ototoxicity
- Contraindications: patients with hepatic dysfunction, and those with drug interactions due to LME inhibition
Clindamycin
- Used for anaerobic bacteria, bone infections, and beta-lactamase producing organisms
- Adverse effects: pseudomembranous colitis caused by overgrowth of C. difficile, treated with oral metronidazole or vancomycin
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Description
This quiz covers the pharmacology of chemotherapy, focusing on protein synthesis inhibitors, hepatotoxic antimicrobials, and pediatric considerations.
