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Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of agents that increase intracellular calcium levels on muscle contraction?
What is the primary effect of agents that increase intracellular calcium levels on muscle contraction?
- Reduce the sensitivity of contractile machinery to calcium.
- Decrease the force of contraction (negative inotropic effect).
- Increase the velocity of relaxation.
- Increase the force of contraction (positive inotropic effect). (correct)
Which of these options describes the inotropic effect?
Which of these options describes the inotropic effect?
- A change in the rate of muscle fiber contraction.
- A change in the duration of muscle fiber contraction.
- A change in the force of muscle fiber contraction. (correct)
- A change in the speed of muscle fiber relaxation
If a drug increases the sensitivity of contractile machinery to calcium, what is the expected result?
If a drug increases the sensitivity of contractile machinery to calcium, what is the expected result?
- Decreased intracellular calcium levels.
- Increased force of contraction. (correct)
- Reduced force of contraction.
- Slower rate of relaxation.
What would an agent that decreases intracellular calcium levels result in?
What would an agent that decreases intracellular calcium levels result in?
What two mechanisms lead to an increased force of contraction in cardiomyocytes according to the content provided?
What two mechanisms lead to an increased force of contraction in cardiomyocytes according to the content provided?
What primary physiological effect do beta-blockers have on the heart?
What primary physiological effect do beta-blockers have on the heart?
Besides affecting the heart, what other effect do beta-blockers have on the kidneys?
Besides affecting the heart, what other effect do beta-blockers have on the kidneys?
For which group of patients are beta-blockers recommended?
For which group of patients are beta-blockers recommended?
What kind of receptor antagonist is Carvedilol?
What kind of receptor antagonist is Carvedilol?
What is the clinical effect of Carvedilol's nonselective antagonism?
What is the clinical effect of Carvedilol's nonselective antagonism?
Flashcards
Inotropic effect
Inotropic effect
An increase in the force of muscular contraction.
Inotropic agent
Inotropic agent
A substance that enhances the force of muscular contraction.
Calcium-increasing agents
Calcium-increasing agents
Agents that elevate calcium levels within muscle cells.
Calcium-sensitizing agents
Calcium-sensitizing agents
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Calcium's Role in Contraction
Calcium's Role in Contraction
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Beta-blockers
Beta-blockers
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Nonselective alpha-beta adrenergic receptor antagonist
Nonselective alpha-beta adrenergic receptor antagonist
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Carvedilol
Carvedilol
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Chronic, stable heart failure (HF)
Chronic, stable heart failure (HF)
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Renin
Renin
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Drugs
- Â Antihypertensive drugs
- Â Anti-heart failure drugs
- Â Antianginal drugs
- Â Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs
- Â Antiarrhythmic drugs
- Â Antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and thrombolytic drugs
Hypertension
- Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure (BP).
- BP is defined in adults as greater than or equal to 140 mmHg systolic pressure, or greater than or equal to 90 mmHg diastolic pressure.
- Hypertension can cause increased arteriolar resistance and reduced venous system capacitance due to increased tone of peripheral vascular arteriolar smooth muscle.
Factors Contributing to High Blood Pressure
- Controllable risk factors: obesity, sodium intake, alcohol, lack of exercise, stress
- Uncontrollable risk factors: age, race, heredity
Treatment of Hypertension
- Non-pharmacological: reduction of weight, restriction of salt, moderation of alcohol use, eating healthy foods
- Pharmacological: diuretics, beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonist, alpha-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, centrally acting agents
Diuretics
- Diuretics are drugs that promote a net loss of sodium ions and water from the body, increasing urine flow.
- Different diuretics act at different sites of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.
- Main uses are for clinical management of disorders involving abnormal fluid distribution, such as hypertension, heart failure, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, peripheral edema, and acute renal failure.
- Types of diuretics include thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, K+ sparing diuretics, osmotic diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Antihypertensive Drugs
- Â Diuretics
- Â Beta adrenergic Blockers
- Â Calcium channel blockers
- Â Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- Â Angiotensin II antagonist
- Â Alpha-adrenergic blockers
- Â Vasodilators
- Â Centrally acting agents
Anti-heart Failure Drugs
- Â Digoxin
- Â Dobutamine
- Â Dopamine
- Â Milrinone
Antianginal Drugs
- Â Nitrates
- Â Beta blockers
- Â Calcium channel blockers.
- Â Sodium channel blocking drug (ranolazine).
Acute Coronary Syndrome
- Acute coronary syndrome is an emergency from plaque rupture and partial/complete coronary artery thrombosis.
- If the thrombus occludes most of the blood vessel, untreated necrosis of the cardiac muscle can result, causing myocardial infarction (MI).
Other Cardiovascular Drugs
- Â Antiplatelets
- Â Anticoagulants
- Â Thrombolytics
Antiplatelets
- Antiplatelets decrease platelet rich clot formation.
- Examples of antiplatelet drugs: aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, dipyridamole
Anticoagulants
- Anticoagulants either inhibit the action of coagulation factors (e.g., heparin) or interfere with their synthesis (e.g., vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin).
Thrombolytics
- Thrombolytics are available by intravenous administration for treating coronary artery thrombosis associated with myocardial infarction.
- Adverse effects include serious bleeding and arrhythmia.
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