18 Questions
What is the main pharmacological action of ARBs in the context of blocking angiotensin receptors?
Block AT1 receptors ( VC)
How do ARBs affect the release of Aldosterone and blood volume?
Decrease release of Aldosterone, decreasing salt and water retention and blood volume.
What is the therapeutic indication of ARBs in treating hypertension with heart failure?
LVH & Remodeling
What adverse drug reaction can be seen in patients taking ACEIs that can be managed by replacing them with ARBs?
Dry cough or Angioedema
How do ARBs contribute to the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease?
progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
What is the main pharmacological action of B-Blockers in lowering blood pressure?
Blocking the beta receptors
What are three ways in which Beta-blockers lower blood pressure?
Decreasing cardiac work, contractility, and conduction
What is the pharmacological action of Propranolol in controlling anxiety and stress?
Controls anxiety & stress (crosses BBB)
How does Nebivolol increase Nitric Oxide synthesis?
By stimulating NOS enzyme
What additional action does Carvedilol have in lowering blood pressure?
Alpha-1 blocking action to decrease peripheral resistance
What is the indication for using Beta-blockers in hypertension?
Only if hypertension is associated with other CV diseases
What is the effect of non-selective Beta-blockers on B2 receptors?
Block the B2 effect, causing intermittent claudication and bronchoconstriction
What are some adverse reactions associated with beta-blockers?
1- Masking hypoglycemic manifestations in Diabetic patients 2- Claudication and cold extremities. 3- Nightmares with lipid soluble B-Blockers
What is the mechanism of action of Calcium Channel Blockers like Nifedipine and Amlodipine?
Blocking of Voltage gated Ca++ channels (L-Type) in Vascular smooth muscles leading to Vascular dilatation and decrease in mean BP
What are the main pharmacological effects of Dihydropyridines like Nifedipine and Amlodipine?
Vascular dilatation effect leading to decreased Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) and mean BP
What are the contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers in patients with hypertension?
Contraindicated in patients with heart block, bradycardia, bronchial asthma, or diabetes
What is the main pharmacological effect of Non-Dihydropyridines like Verapamil and Diltiazem?
Suppression of all cardiac properties, including cardiac work, contractility, heart rate, and mean BP
What is the main side effect associated with Thiazide diuretics?
Hypokalemia
Explore the pharmacological actions of beta-blockers in reducing cardiac work, contractility, conduction, and blood pressure. Learn how beta-blockers inhibit renin release from the kidney and higher central autonomic control. Discover additional actions of specific beta-blockers such as Propranolol, Nebivolol, and Carvedilol.
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