Questions and Answers
Which of the following medications is classified as a 2nd generation histamine antagonist?
What is the primary action of Bosentan?
Which medication is a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist?
Which of the following is NOT a mucolytic agent?
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Which drug is indicated for the treatment targeting IL-5 receptors?
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Which medication is classified as a muscarinic receptor (M3) antagonist?
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Which of the following is an example of a phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) inhibitor?
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Which drug is an α1-adrenergic agonist used for nasal decongestion?
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Which among the following is a 2nd generation histamine antagonist?
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Which of the following medications is indicated for inhibiting platelet aggregation?
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Which of the following classes includes medications that are primarily used as mucolytics?
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Which medication is an example of an endothelium receptor inhibitor?
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Which of the following drugs is classified as a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist?
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What is the action of the drug Roflumilast?
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Which medication is commonly used to inhibit platelet aggregation?
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Which medication is used primarily as a mucolytic agent?
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Which of the following medications is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor?
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Which drug acts as an anti-leukotriene?
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Which medication is classified as a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist and used for asthma management?
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Which of the following is an example of a 1st generation histamine antagonist?
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Which medication primarily acts as an anti-leukotriene?
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What is the primary purpose of using inhaled corticosteroids?
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Which medication is known for being a cGMP phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor?
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Which of the following agents is a mucolytic that also plays a role in breaking down DNA in secretions?
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Which medication acts as a muscarinic receptor antagonist primarily for asthma management?
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Which medication is primarily used as a phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) inhibitor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 2nd generation histamine antagonists?
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Which class of medications primarily functions as bronchodilators in asthma management?
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What is the primary function of mucolytics in respiratory therapy?
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Which of the following medications is specifically indicated for targeting IL-5 receptors in asthma management?
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Which class of medications is primarily used for nasal decongestion?
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Which type of medication is used to modulate inflammation by inhibiting leukotriene synthesis?
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Which of the following medications is indicated in the treatment of severe asthma due to its action against IL-5?
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Which two medications are classified as 1st generation histamine antagonists?
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Which medication functions as a cGMP phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, primarily used for erectile dysfunction?
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Which of the following agents is specifically a 1st generation histamine antagonist?
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What is a primary action of Sodium Nitroxide?
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Which of the following medications is used as an anti-leukotriene?
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What is the primary effect of inhaled corticosteroids in respiratory therapy?
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Which medication is primarily used for its effects on β2 adrenergic receptors in asthma management?
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Study Notes
1st Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used for allergy relief and as a sleep aid; can cause sedation.
- Dimenhydrinate: Effective for motion sickness; has antiemetic properties.
- Chlorpheniramine: Often used for allergy symptoms; less sedating than diphenhydramine.
2nd Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Desloratadine: Non-sedating; longer duration of action compared to first-generation antihistamines.
- Fexofenadine: Provides relief from seasonal allergy symptoms; minimal sedation.
- Loratadine: Non-drowsy formulation for allergy treatment; metabolite of desloratadine.
- Cetirizine: Slightly sedating; effective for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Used in cystic fibrosis to reduce mucus viscosity; improves lung function.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acts as a mucolytic agent; also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose.
- Guaifenesin: Commonly found in expectorants; helps in the loosening and thinning of mucus.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension; helps lower blood pressure within the lungs.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by relaxing blood vessels.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: A potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation; used for severe pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Used for pulmonary arterial hypertension; administered via inhalation.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Relieves nasal congestion; promotes vasoconstriction.
- Phenylephrine: Commonly used as a decongestant; primarily affects nasal mucosa.
- Ephedrine: Has bronchodilator and stimulant effects; can also be used in asthma.
- Xylometazoline: Provides quick relief from nasal congestion; can cause rebound congestion if used too long.
- Oxymetazoline: A topical decongestant; provides temporary relief from nasal obstruction.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting bronchodilator; used in asthma and COPD management.
- Salmeterol: Another long-acting bronchodilator; typically used with inhaled corticosteroids.
- Albuterol: Short-acting bronchodilator; provides rapid relief in asthma attacks.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: Long-acting anticholinergic; improves lung function in COPD.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting; often used in combination therapy for asthma and COPD.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Potent anti-inflammatory agent; used to control asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Budesonide: Effective in both asthma and COPD; reduces airway inflammation.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: Inhibits leukotriene synthesis; helps in controlling asthma symptoms.
- Montelukast: Blocks leukotriene receptors; used for asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Zafirlukast: Similar action to montelukast; helps in improving respiratory symptoms.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: Provides bronchodilation; requires monitoring due to narrow therapeutic index.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Reduces inflammation in COPD; improves lung function.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: Monoclonal antibody used for severe asthma with eosinophilic phenotype.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 antagonist; used in severe asthma treatment.
- Against IL-5 receptor α: Benralizumab; reduces eosinophil levels, improving asthma control.
1st Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used for allergy relief and as a sleep aid; can cause sedation.
- Dimenhydrinate: Effective for motion sickness; has antiemetic properties.
- Chlorpheniramine: Often used for allergy symptoms; less sedating than diphenhydramine.
2nd Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Desloratadine: Non-sedating; longer duration of action compared to first-generation antihistamines.
- Fexofenadine: Provides relief from seasonal allergy symptoms; minimal sedation.
- Loratadine: Non-drowsy formulation for allergy treatment; metabolite of desloratadine.
- Cetirizine: Slightly sedating; effective for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Used in cystic fibrosis to reduce mucus viscosity; improves lung function.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acts as a mucolytic agent; also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose.
- Guaifenesin: Commonly found in expectorants; helps in the loosening and thinning of mucus.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension; helps lower blood pressure within the lungs.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by relaxing blood vessels.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: A potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation; used for severe pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Used for pulmonary arterial hypertension; administered via inhalation.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Relieves nasal congestion; promotes vasoconstriction.
- Phenylephrine: Commonly used as a decongestant; primarily affects nasal mucosa.
- Ephedrine: Has bronchodilator and stimulant effects; can also be used in asthma.
- Xylometazoline: Provides quick relief from nasal congestion; can cause rebound congestion if used too long.
- Oxymetazoline: A topical decongestant; provides temporary relief from nasal obstruction.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting bronchodilator; used in asthma and COPD management.
- Salmeterol: Another long-acting bronchodilator; typically used with inhaled corticosteroids.
- Albuterol: Short-acting bronchodilator; provides rapid relief in asthma attacks.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: Long-acting anticholinergic; improves lung function in COPD.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting; often used in combination therapy for asthma and COPD.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Potent anti-inflammatory agent; used to control asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Budesonide: Effective in both asthma and COPD; reduces airway inflammation.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: Inhibits leukotriene synthesis; helps in controlling asthma symptoms.
- Montelukast: Blocks leukotriene receptors; used for asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Zafirlukast: Similar action to montelukast; helps in improving respiratory symptoms.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: Provides bronchodilation; requires monitoring due to narrow therapeutic index.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Reduces inflammation in COPD; improves lung function.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: Monoclonal antibody used for severe asthma with eosinophilic phenotype.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 antagonist; used in severe asthma treatment.
- Against IL-5 receptor α: Benralizumab; reduces eosinophil levels, improving asthma control.
1st Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used for allergy relief and as a sleep aid; can cause sedation.
- Dimenhydrinate: Effective for motion sickness; has antiemetic properties.
- Chlorpheniramine: Often used for allergy symptoms; less sedating than diphenhydramine.
2nd Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Desloratadine: Non-sedating; longer duration of action compared to first-generation antihistamines.
- Fexofenadine: Provides relief from seasonal allergy symptoms; minimal sedation.
- Loratadine: Non-drowsy formulation for allergy treatment; metabolite of desloratadine.
- Cetirizine: Slightly sedating; effective for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Used in cystic fibrosis to reduce mucus viscosity; improves lung function.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acts as a mucolytic agent; also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose.
- Guaifenesin: Commonly found in expectorants; helps in the loosening and thinning of mucus.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension; helps lower blood pressure within the lungs.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by relaxing blood vessels.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: A potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation; used for severe pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Used for pulmonary arterial hypertension; administered via inhalation.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Relieves nasal congestion; promotes vasoconstriction.
- Phenylephrine: Commonly used as a decongestant; primarily affects nasal mucosa.
- Ephedrine: Has bronchodilator and stimulant effects; can also be used in asthma.
- Xylometazoline: Provides quick relief from nasal congestion; can cause rebound congestion if used too long.
- Oxymetazoline: A topical decongestant; provides temporary relief from nasal obstruction.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting bronchodilator; used in asthma and COPD management.
- Salmeterol: Another long-acting bronchodilator; typically used with inhaled corticosteroids.
- Albuterol: Short-acting bronchodilator; provides rapid relief in asthma attacks.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: Long-acting anticholinergic; improves lung function in COPD.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting; often used in combination therapy for asthma and COPD.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Potent anti-inflammatory agent; used to control asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Budesonide: Effective in both asthma and COPD; reduces airway inflammation.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: Inhibits leukotriene synthesis; helps in controlling asthma symptoms.
- Montelukast: Blocks leukotriene receptors; used for asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Zafirlukast: Similar action to montelukast; helps in improving respiratory symptoms.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: Provides bronchodilation; requires monitoring due to narrow therapeutic index.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Reduces inflammation in COPD; improves lung function.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: Monoclonal antibody used for severe asthma with eosinophilic phenotype.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 antagonist; used in severe asthma treatment.
- Against IL-5 receptor α: Benralizumab; reduces eosinophil levels, improving asthma control.
1st Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used for allergy relief, motion sickness, and insomnia.
- Dimenhydrinate: Primarily used to prevent and treat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness caused by motion sickness.
- Chlorpheniramine: Effective for allergic symptoms with a lower sedative effect compared to other first-generation antihistamines.
2nd Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Desloratadine: A non-sedating antihistamine used for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.
- Fexofenadine: Provides long-lasting relief from sneezing, runny nose, and itchy/watery eyes without causing sedation.
- Loratadine: Used for treating allergic symptoms, commonly taken as an over-the-counter medication.
- Cetirizine: Known for its rapid onset of action but may cause mild drowsiness in some individuals.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Specifically used in cystic fibrosis to reduce mucus viscosity and improve lung function.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acting as a mucolytic and antioxidant, it helps to loosen thick mucus in various respiratory conditions.
- Guaifenesin: An expectorant that increases mucus clearance from the airways, easing coughs.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Treats pulmonary arterial hypertension by blocking endothelin-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Used primarily for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by enhancing blood flow.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: A potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation, used in severe pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Administered via inhalation for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension, with similar effects as epoprostenol.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Commonly used as a decongestant for sinusitis and allergic rhinitis.
- Phenylephrine: A decongestant that constricts blood vessels to reduce nasal swelling.
- Ephedrine: Provides relief from bronchial asthma and nasal congestion by stimulating adrenergic receptors.
- Xylometazoline: A topical nasal decongestant that provides quick relief from nasal congestion.
- Oxymetazoline: Similar to xylometazoline, used to relieve nasal congestion due to colds or allergies.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting bronchodilator that provides rapid relief and is used in asthma and COPD.
- Salmeterol: Another long-acting agent, primarily used for asthma control and maintenance therapy.
- Albuterol: A short-acting bronchodilator effective in relieving acute asthma attacks.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: A long-acting inhaled anticholinergic used for COPD management.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting anticholinergic that helps relieve bronchospasm in asthma and COPD.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Often used as a maintenance therapy to control asthma symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
- Budesonide: An inhaled corticosteroid effective in reducing inflammation in asthma and COPD.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: An oral leukotriene synthesis inhibitor used in asthma management.
- Montelukast: A widely used oral medication that blocks leukotriene receptors, reducing asthma symptoms.
- Zafirlukast: Another leukotriene receptor antagonist used for asthma treatment.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: A bronchodilator that enhances respiratory drive and improves airflow in asthma and COPD.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Used to decrease inflammation and exacerbate symptoms in COPD.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: A monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL-5, for severe asthma treatment.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 inhibitor used for treatment in severe asthma patients.
Against IL-5 receptor α
- Benralizumab: Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-5 receptor α, used in severe asthma management.
1st Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used for allergy relief, motion sickness, and insomnia.
- Dimenhydrinate: Primarily used to prevent and treat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness caused by motion sickness.
- Chlorpheniramine: Effective for allergic symptoms with a lower sedative effect compared to other first-generation antihistamines.
2nd Generation Histamine Antagonists
- Desloratadine: A non-sedating antihistamine used for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.
- Fexofenadine: Provides long-lasting relief from sneezing, runny nose, and itchy/watery eyes without causing sedation.
- Loratadine: Used for treating allergic symptoms, commonly taken as an over-the-counter medication.
- Cetirizine: Known for its rapid onset of action but may cause mild drowsiness in some individuals.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Specifically used in cystic fibrosis to reduce mucus viscosity and improve lung function.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acting as a mucolytic and antioxidant, it helps to loosen thick mucus in various respiratory conditions.
- Guaifenesin: An expectorant that increases mucus clearance from the airways, easing coughs.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Treats pulmonary arterial hypertension by blocking endothelin-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Used primarily for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension by enhancing blood flow.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: A potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation, used in severe pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Administered via inhalation for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension, with similar effects as epoprostenol.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Commonly used as a decongestant for sinusitis and allergic rhinitis.
- Phenylephrine: A decongestant that constricts blood vessels to reduce nasal swelling.
- Ephedrine: Provides relief from bronchial asthma and nasal congestion by stimulating adrenergic receptors.
- Xylometazoline: A topical nasal decongestant that provides quick relief from nasal congestion.
- Oxymetazoline: Similar to xylometazoline, used to relieve nasal congestion due to colds or allergies.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting bronchodilator that provides rapid relief and is used in asthma and COPD.
- Salmeterol: Another long-acting agent, primarily used for asthma control and maintenance therapy.
- Albuterol: A short-acting bronchodilator effective in relieving acute asthma attacks.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: A long-acting inhaled anticholinergic used for COPD management.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting anticholinergic that helps relieve bronchospasm in asthma and COPD.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Often used as a maintenance therapy to control asthma symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
- Budesonide: An inhaled corticosteroid effective in reducing inflammation in asthma and COPD.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: An oral leukotriene synthesis inhibitor used in asthma management.
- Montelukast: A widely used oral medication that blocks leukotriene receptors, reducing asthma symptoms.
- Zafirlukast: Another leukotriene receptor antagonist used for asthma treatment.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: A bronchodilator that enhances respiratory drive and improves airflow in asthma and COPD.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Used to decrease inflammation and exacerbate symptoms in COPD.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: A monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL-5, for severe asthma treatment.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 inhibitor used for treatment in severe asthma patients.
Against IL-5 receptor α
- Benralizumab: Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-5 receptor α, used in severe asthma management.
Histamine Antagonists
-
1st Generation: Cause sedation as they cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used as an antihistamine for allergies and sleep aid.
- Dimenhydrinate: Used for preventing motion sickness and nausea.
- Chlorpheniramine: Less sedating; often used for allergic rhinitis.
-
2nd Generation: Non-sedating due to limited central nervous system penetration.
- Desloratadine: Active metabolite of loratadine, effective for allergic symptoms.
- Fexofenadine: Reduces allergy symptoms with minimal sedation.
- Loratadine: Commonly prescribed for allergic reactions; once daily dosing.
- Cetirizine: Slight sedative properties; effective for chronic urticaria.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Enzyme that breaks down DNA in mucus, used in cystic fibrosis.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acts as a mucolytic and an antioxidant, also used in acetaminophen overdose.
- Guaifenesin: Expectorant that helps clear mucus from airways.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension to reduce blood pressure.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Commonly prescribed for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: Potent vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation, used in pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Inhaled version; reduces pulmonary arterial pressure.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Decongestant used for nasal obstruction relief.
- Phenylephrine: Short-acting decongestant; often included in cold medications.
- Ephedrine: Bronchodilator and decongestant, also used in asthma.
- Xylometazoline: Topical nasal decongestant for short-term use.
- Oxymetazoline: Similar to xylometazoline; gives quick nasal relief.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting beta agonist (LABA) used in asthma and COPD management.
- Salmeterol: Another LABA; provides prolonged bronchodilation.
- Albuterol: Short-acting beta agonist (SABA) for quick relief of asthma symptoms.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) used for COPD.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting; often combined with albuterol for asthma relief.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Reduces inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Budesonide: Effective in controlling asthma and allergic symptoms.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: Inhibits leukotriene synthesis, used for asthma control.
- Montelukast: Blocks leukotriene receptor; helps reduce asthma episodes.
- Zafirlukast: Similar to montelukast; used as adjunct therapy for asthma.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: Bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD; requires monitoring of serum levels.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Reduces inflammation in severe COPD, improves lung function.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-5; used in eosinophilic asthma treatment.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 inhibitor; used for severe asthma in patients with eosinophilia.
Against IL-5 Receptor α
- Benralizumab: Targets IL-5 receptor to reduce eosinophil levels; effective in severe asthma management.
Histamine Antagonists
-
1st Generation: Cause sedation as they cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used as an antihistamine for allergies and sleep aid.
- Dimenhydrinate: Used for preventing motion sickness and nausea.
- Chlorpheniramine: Less sedating; often used for allergic rhinitis.
-
2nd Generation: Non-sedating due to limited central nervous system penetration.
- Desloratadine: Active metabolite of loratadine, effective for allergic symptoms.
- Fexofenadine: Reduces allergy symptoms with minimal sedation.
- Loratadine: Commonly prescribed for allergic reactions; once daily dosing.
- Cetirizine: Slight sedative properties; effective for chronic urticaria.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Enzyme that breaks down DNA in mucus, used in cystic fibrosis.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acts as a mucolytic and an antioxidant, also used in acetaminophen overdose.
- Guaifenesin: Expectorant that helps clear mucus from airways.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension to reduce blood pressure.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Commonly prescribed for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: Potent vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation, used in pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Inhaled version; reduces pulmonary arterial pressure.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Decongestant used for nasal obstruction relief.
- Phenylephrine: Short-acting decongestant; often included in cold medications.
- Ephedrine: Bronchodilator and decongestant, also used in asthma.
- Xylometazoline: Topical nasal decongestant for short-term use.
- Oxymetazoline: Similar to xylometazoline; gives quick nasal relief.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting beta agonist (LABA) used in asthma and COPD management.
- Salmeterol: Another LABA; provides prolonged bronchodilation.
- Albuterol: Short-acting beta agonist (SABA) for quick relief of asthma symptoms.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) used for COPD.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting; often combined with albuterol for asthma relief.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Reduces inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Budesonide: Effective in controlling asthma and allergic symptoms.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: Inhibits leukotriene synthesis, used for asthma control.
- Montelukast: Blocks leukotriene receptor; helps reduce asthma episodes.
- Zafirlukast: Similar to montelukast; used as adjunct therapy for asthma.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: Bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD; requires monitoring of serum levels.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Reduces inflammation in severe COPD, improves lung function.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-5; used in eosinophilic asthma treatment.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 inhibitor; used for severe asthma in patients with eosinophilia.
Against IL-5 Receptor α
- Benralizumab: Targets IL-5 receptor to reduce eosinophil levels; effective in severe asthma management.
Histamine Antagonists
-
1st Generation: Cause sedation as they cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Diphenhydramine: Commonly used as an antihistamine for allergies and sleep aid.
- Dimenhydrinate: Used for preventing motion sickness and nausea.
- Chlorpheniramine: Less sedating; often used for allergic rhinitis.
-
2nd Generation: Non-sedating due to limited central nervous system penetration.
- Desloratadine: Active metabolite of loratadine, effective for allergic symptoms.
- Fexofenadine: Reduces allergy symptoms with minimal sedation.
- Loratadine: Commonly prescribed for allergic reactions; once daily dosing.
- Cetirizine: Slight sedative properties; effective for chronic urticaria.
Mucolytics
- Dornase alfa (DNAse): Enzyme that breaks down DNA in mucus, used in cystic fibrosis.
- N-acetylcysteine: Acts as a mucolytic and an antioxidant, also used in acetaminophen overdose.
- Guaifenesin: Expectorant that helps clear mucus from airways.
Endothelin-1 Receptor Inhibitor
- Bosentan: Used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension to reduce blood pressure.
cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitor
- Sildenafil: Commonly prescribed for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.
Prostacyclins (PGI2) Analogues
- Epoprostenol: Potent vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation, used in pulmonary hypertension.
- Iloprost: Inhaled version; reduces pulmonary arterial pressure.
α1-Adrenergic Agonists
- Pseudoephedrine: Decongestant used for nasal obstruction relief.
- Phenylephrine: Short-acting decongestant; often included in cold medications.
- Ephedrine: Bronchodilator and decongestant, also used in asthma.
- Xylometazoline: Topical nasal decongestant for short-term use.
- Oxymetazoline: Similar to xylometazoline; gives quick nasal relief.
β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Formoterol: Long-acting beta agonist (LABA) used in asthma and COPD management.
- Salmeterol: Another LABA; provides prolonged bronchodilation.
- Albuterol: Short-acting beta agonist (SABA) for quick relief of asthma symptoms.
Muscarinic Receptors (M3) Antagonists
- Tiotropium: Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) used for COPD.
- Ipratropium: Short-acting; often combined with albuterol for asthma relief.
Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Fluticasone: Reduces inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Budesonide: Effective in controlling asthma and allergic symptoms.
Anti-leukotrienes
- Zileuton: Inhibits leukotriene synthesis, used for asthma control.
- Montelukast: Blocks leukotriene receptor; helps reduce asthma episodes.
- Zafirlukast: Similar to montelukast; used as adjunct therapy for asthma.
Methylxanthines
- Theophylline: Bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD; requires monitoring of serum levels.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
- Roflumilast: Reduces inflammation in severe COPD, improves lung function.
Against IL-5
- Mepolizumab: Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-5; used in eosinophilic asthma treatment.
- Reslizumab: Another IL-5 inhibitor; used for severe asthma in patients with eosinophilia.
Against IL-5 Receptor α
- Benralizumab: Targets IL-5 receptor to reduce eosinophil levels; effective in severe asthma management.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of 1st and 2nd generation histamine antagonists, mucolytics, endothelin-1 receptor inhibitors, cGMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostacyclins analogues. This quiz covers important medications and their classifications in clinical use.
