Pharmacology of Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of elevated serum cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl?

Decreased absorption of triglycerides

Increased risk of atherosclerosis (correct)

Increased synthesis of bile acids

Increased levels of HDL cholesterol

What is the mechanism of action of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?

Increasing the levels of LDL cholesterol

Promoting the synthesis of bile acids

Inhibiting the breakdown of cholesterol

Antagonizing the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (correct)

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?

Patients with elevated triglyceride levels

Pregnant and nursing mothers (correct)

Patients with atherosclerosis

Patients with low LDL cholesterol levels

What is the effect of Bile Acid Sequestrants on the liver?

Increased synthesis of cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in the cholesterol synthesis pathway?

The first enzymatic step Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased loss of bile acids on the intestine?

The formation of an insoluble substance that cannot be absorbed Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of vitamin K malabsorption in patients taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?

Increased risk of bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Fibric Acid Derivatives, such as Clofibrate and Fenofibrate?

Reducing LDL and stimulating the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum percentage decrease in LDL cholesterol that can be achieved with Niacin?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?

Controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse reaction of taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?

Fecal impaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of diabetes mellitus is typically treated with insulin?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for the use of Ergonovine?

Prevention of postpartum and postabortal hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following thyroid hormone replacement drugs has a more uniform potency?

Levothyroxine Signup and view all the answers

Which estrogen is the most potent?

Estradiol Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for the use of Progestins in women past menopause?

Treatment of osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the failure of the testes to develop?

Hypogonadism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the marked relaxation of the uterine muscle?

Uterine atony Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for prescribing human insulin or purified insulin?

To minimize the possibility of an allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?

Increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing glucose production Signup and view all the answers

When should Glipizide be taken?

On an empty stomach 30 minutes before breakfast Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Thiazolidinediones on the body?

Decreasing insulin resistance by enhancing insulin receptor sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main indication for using Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Marked postprandial hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Why should Metformin be taken with food?

To decrease GI upset Signup and view all the answers

What is the FDA-approved indication of sitagliptin?

As an adjunct to diet and exercise in patients with T2DM Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of pioglitazone in gene regulation?

It affects gene regulation examples Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of oxytocin?

To start or improve labor contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of sitagliptin according to pregnancy category?

B pregnancy category Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of vasopressin and its derivatives?

To treat diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

What is the synthetic product of growth hormone?

Somatropin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs

Bile Acid Sequestrants (Resins) decrease serum cholesterol and LDL levels, but may cause constipation, hemorrhoids, and vitamin deficiencies.
Fibric Acid Derivatives (e.g. Clofibrate and Fenofibrate) reduce LDL and stimulate triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism, decreasing plasma triglyceride and cholesterol.
Cholesterol-Absorption Inhibitors (e.g. Ezetimibe) selectively inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, decreasing liver cholesterol delivery.
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) reduces LDL by 20% and increases HDL, and can be used with statins.

Antidiabetic Drugs

Insulin is used to control type 1 diabetes, treat severe diabetic ketoacidosis, and can cause hypoglycemia.
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs:
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors (e.g. Sitagliptin) are used to treat type 2 diabetes, and can be taken with or without food.
- Metformin decreases glucose production by the liver and improves insulin receptor sensitivity.
- Sulfonylureas (e.g. Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glibenclamide) stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin and increase insulin sensitivity.
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Acarbose) treat postprandial hyperglycemia.
- Thiazolidinediones decrease insulin resistance and stimulate peripheral glucose uptake and storage.

Endocrine System Drugs

Anterior pituitary gland:
- Menotropins induce ovulation and pregnancy in anovulatory women, and stimulate sperm production in men.
- Growth Hormone (e.g. Somatropin) is used to treat growth hormone deficiency.
Posterior pituitary gland:
- Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus.
- Oxytocin is used to stimulate labor contractions.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Thyroid hormone: Levothyroxine is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism.
Male hormones: Testosterone and its derivatives are used to treat hypogonadism and metastatic breast carcinoma in women.
Female hormones:
- Estrogens (e.g. Estradiol, Estrone, Estriol) relieve menopause symptoms, treat female hypogonadism, and prevent osteoporosis.
- Progestins (e.g. Medroxyprogesterone, Norethindrone) treat amenorrhea, endometriosis, and functional uterine bleeding.

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Description

Test your knowledge on anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, their mechanism of action, and effects on hyperlipidemia. Learn about HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) and their role in cholesterol synthesis. Prepare to answer questions on the diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemia.