Pharmacology of Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of elevated serum cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl?

  • Decreased absorption of triglycerides
  • Increased risk of atherosclerosis (correct)
  • Increased synthesis of bile acids
  • Increased levels of HDL cholesterol

    • What is the mechanism of action of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?

  • Increasing the levels of LDL cholesterol
  • Promoting the synthesis of bile acids
  • Inhibiting the breakdown of cholesterol
  • Antagonizing the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (correct)

    • Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?

  • Patients with elevated triglyceride levels
  • Pregnant and nursing mothers (correct)
  • Patients with atherosclerosis
  • Patients with low LDL cholesterol levels

    • What is the effect of Bile Acid Sequestrants on the liver?

    <p>Increased synthesis of cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in the cholesterol synthesis pathway?

    <p>The first enzymatic step</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased loss of bile acids on the intestine?

    <p>The formation of an insoluble substance that cannot be absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of vitamin K malabsorption in patients taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Fibric Acid Derivatives, such as Clofibrate and Fenofibrate?

    <p>Reducing LDL and stimulating the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum percentage decrease in LDL cholesterol that can be achieved with Niacin?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse reaction of taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?

    <p>Fecal impaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diabetes mellitus is typically treated with insulin?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Ergonovine?

    <p>Prevention of postpartum and postabortal hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following thyroid hormone replacement drugs has a more uniform potency?

    <p>Levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which estrogen is the most potent?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for the use of Progestins in women past menopause?

    <p>Treatment of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the failure of the testes to develop?

    <p>Hypogonadism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the marked relaxation of the uterine muscle?

    <p>Uterine atony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for prescribing human insulin or purified insulin?

    <p>To minimize the possibility of an allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?

    <p>Increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should Glipizide be taken?

    <p>On an empty stomach 30 minutes before breakfast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Thiazolidinediones on the body?

    <p>Decreasing insulin resistance by enhancing insulin receptor sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for using Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Marked postprandial hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Metformin be taken with food?

    <p>To decrease GI upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the FDA-approved indication of sitagliptin?

    <p>As an adjunct to diet and exercise in patients with T2DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of pioglitazone in gene regulation?

    <p>It affects gene regulation examples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of oxytocin?

    <p>To start or improve labor contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of sitagliptin according to pregnancy category?

    <p>B pregnancy category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of vasopressin and its derivatives?

    <p>To treat diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the synthetic product of growth hormone?

    <p>Somatropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs

    • Bile Acid Sequestrants (Resins) decrease serum cholesterol and LDL levels, but may cause constipation, hemorrhoids, and vitamin deficiencies.
    • Fibric Acid Derivatives (e.g. Clofibrate and Fenofibrate) reduce LDL and stimulate triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism, decreasing plasma triglyceride and cholesterol.
    • Cholesterol-Absorption Inhibitors (e.g. Ezetimibe) selectively inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, decreasing liver cholesterol delivery.
    • Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) reduces LDL by 20% and increases HDL, and can be used with statins.

    Antidiabetic Drugs

    • Insulin is used to control type 1 diabetes, treat severe diabetic ketoacidosis, and can cause hypoglycemia.
    • Oral Antidiabetic Drugs:
      • Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors (e.g. Sitagliptin) are used to treat type 2 diabetes, and can be taken with or without food.
      • Metformin decreases glucose production by the liver and improves insulin receptor sensitivity.
      • Sulfonylureas (e.g. Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glibenclamide) stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin and increase insulin sensitivity.
      • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Acarbose) treat postprandial hyperglycemia.
      • Thiazolidinediones decrease insulin resistance and stimulate peripheral glucose uptake and storage.

    Endocrine System Drugs

    • Anterior pituitary gland:
      • Menotropins induce ovulation and pregnancy in anovulatory women, and stimulate sperm production in men.
      • Growth Hormone (e.g. Somatropin) is used to treat growth hormone deficiency.
    • Posterior pituitary gland:
      • Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus.
      • Oxytocin is used to stimulate labor contractions.

    Hormone Replacement Therapy

    • Thyroid hormone: Levothyroxine is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism.
    • Male hormones: Testosterone and its derivatives are used to treat hypogonadism and metastatic breast carcinoma in women.
    • Female hormones:
      • Estrogens (e.g. Estradiol, Estrone, Estriol) relieve menopause symptoms, treat female hypogonadism, and prevent osteoporosis.
      • Progestins (e.g. Medroxyprogesterone, Norethindrone) treat amenorrhea, endometriosis, and functional uterine bleeding.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, their mechanism of action, and effects on hyperlipidemia. Learn about HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) and their role in cholesterol synthesis. Prepare to answer questions on the diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

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