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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of elevated serum cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl?
What is the primary consequence of elevated serum cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl?
- Decreased absorption of triglycerides
- Increased risk of atherosclerosis (correct)
- Increased synthesis of bile acids
- Increased levels of HDL cholesterol
What is the mechanism of action of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?
- Increasing the levels of LDL cholesterol
- Promoting the synthesis of bile acids
- Inhibiting the breakdown of cholesterol
- Antagonizing the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (correct)
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors?
- Patients with elevated triglyceride levels
- Pregnant and nursing mothers (correct)
- Patients with atherosclerosis
- Patients with low LDL cholesterol levels
What is the effect of Bile Acid Sequestrants on the liver?
What is the effect of Bile Acid Sequestrants on the liver?
What is the primary target of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in the cholesterol synthesis pathway?
What is the primary target of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in the cholesterol synthesis pathway?
What is the consequence of increased loss of bile acids on the intestine?
What is the consequence of increased loss of bile acids on the intestine?
What is a consequence of vitamin K malabsorption in patients taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?
What is a consequence of vitamin K malabsorption in patients taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?
What is the mechanism of action of Fibric Acid Derivatives, such as Clofibrate and Fenofibrate?
What is the mechanism of action of Fibric Acid Derivatives, such as Clofibrate and Fenofibrate?
What is the maximum percentage decrease in LDL cholesterol that can be achieved with Niacin?
What is the maximum percentage decrease in LDL cholesterol that can be achieved with Niacin?
What is the primary use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?
What is a potential adverse reaction of taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?
What is a potential adverse reaction of taking Bile Acid Sequestrants?
What type of diabetes mellitus is typically treated with insulin?
What type of diabetes mellitus is typically treated with insulin?
What is the primary indication for the use of Ergonovine?
What is the primary indication for the use of Ergonovine?
Which of the following thyroid hormone replacement drugs has a more uniform potency?
Which of the following thyroid hormone replacement drugs has a more uniform potency?
Which estrogen is the most potent?
Which estrogen is the most potent?
What is the indication for the use of Progestins in women past menopause?
What is the indication for the use of Progestins in women past menopause?
What is the term used to describe the failure of the testes to develop?
What is the term used to describe the failure of the testes to develop?
What is the term used to describe the marked relaxation of the uterine muscle?
What is the term used to describe the marked relaxation of the uterine muscle?
What is the main reason for prescribing human insulin or purified insulin?
What is the main reason for prescribing human insulin or purified insulin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?
When should Glipizide be taken?
When should Glipizide be taken?
What is the primary effect of Thiazolidinediones on the body?
What is the primary effect of Thiazolidinediones on the body?
What is the main indication for using Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
What is the main indication for using Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
Why should Metformin be taken with food?
Why should Metformin be taken with food?
What is the FDA-approved indication of sitagliptin?
What is the FDA-approved indication of sitagliptin?
What is the mechanism of action of pioglitazone in gene regulation?
What is the mechanism of action of pioglitazone in gene regulation?
What is the therapeutic use of oxytocin?
What is the therapeutic use of oxytocin?
What is the classification of sitagliptin according to pregnancy category?
What is the classification of sitagliptin according to pregnancy category?
What is the therapeutic use of vasopressin and its derivatives?
What is the therapeutic use of vasopressin and its derivatives?
What is the synthetic product of growth hormone?
What is the synthetic product of growth hormone?
Study Notes
Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs
- Bile Acid Sequestrants (Resins) decrease serum cholesterol and LDL levels, but may cause constipation, hemorrhoids, and vitamin deficiencies.
- Fibric Acid Derivatives (e.g. Clofibrate and Fenofibrate) reduce LDL and stimulate triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism, decreasing plasma triglyceride and cholesterol.
- Cholesterol-Absorption Inhibitors (e.g. Ezetimibe) selectively inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, decreasing liver cholesterol delivery.
- Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) reduces LDL by 20% and increases HDL, and can be used with statins.
Antidiabetic Drugs
- Insulin is used to control type 1 diabetes, treat severe diabetic ketoacidosis, and can cause hypoglycemia.
- Oral Antidiabetic Drugs:
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors (e.g. Sitagliptin) are used to treat type 2 diabetes, and can be taken with or without food.
- Metformin decreases glucose production by the liver and improves insulin receptor sensitivity.
- Sulfonylureas (e.g. Glimepiride, Glipizide, Glibenclamide) stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin and increase insulin sensitivity.
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Acarbose) treat postprandial hyperglycemia.
- Thiazolidinediones decrease insulin resistance and stimulate peripheral glucose uptake and storage.
Endocrine System Drugs
- Anterior pituitary gland:
- Menotropins induce ovulation and pregnancy in anovulatory women, and stimulate sperm production in men.
- Growth Hormone (e.g. Somatropin) is used to treat growth hormone deficiency.
- Posterior pituitary gland:
- Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus.
- Oxytocin is used to stimulate labor contractions.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Thyroid hormone: Levothyroxine is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism.
- Male hormones: Testosterone and its derivatives are used to treat hypogonadism and metastatic breast carcinoma in women.
- Female hormones:
- Estrogens (e.g. Estradiol, Estrone, Estriol) relieve menopause symptoms, treat female hypogonadism, and prevent osteoporosis.
- Progestins (e.g. Medroxyprogesterone, Norethindrone) treat amenorrhea, endometriosis, and functional uterine bleeding.
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Description
Test your knowledge on anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, their mechanism of action, and effects on hyperlipidemia. Learn about HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) and their role in cholesterol synthesis. Prepare to answer questions on the diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemia.
