Pharmacology of Agonists and Antagonists

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with the use of long-acting reversible medications?

Myasthenia Gravis

Bronchoconstriction

Abortion (correct)

Pregnancy Impaction (correct)

Which side effects are commonly associated with CNS effects of reversible medications?

Increased appetite and insomnia

Loss of motor control and hallucinations

Weight gain and fatigue

Vomiting and diarrhea (correct)

What is a potential effect of reversible medications on the female reproductive system?

Uterine contractions leading to abortion (correct)

Inhibition of ovulation

Menstrual cycle regularity

Increased fertility rate

Which of the following is a characteristic effect of pilocarpine?

Miosis and sweating Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms indicate the sympathomimetic effect of reversible medications?

Salivation and sweating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of Phenypropanolamine?

Managing urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is an Alpha 1 agonist effective in treating nasal congestion?

Oxymetazoline Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with the use of Clonidine?

Dry mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Clonidine?

Suppresses outflow of sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is treated with Vasopressin?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What would likely occur with a sudden cessation of Clonidine treatment?

Rebound hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is partially an Alpha 2 agonist and primarily used for managing nasal blood vessel vasoconstriction?

Oxymetazoline Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of medications that cause vasoconstriction?

Sedation Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a beta-2 agonist indicated for acute asthma treatment?

Metaproterenol Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medications is specifically banned in food-producing animals?

Clenbuterol Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Terbutaline?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which beta-2 agonist is known for its slow onset and long duration of action?

Salmeterol Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used for bronchodilation in horses with COPD?

Clenbuterol Signup and view all the answers

What condition may be indicated by higher risk when using beta-2 agonists?

Heart Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which beta-2 agonist delivery method is preferred for small animals?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known as a long-acting beta-2 agonist used in combination with fluticasone?

Salmeterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of beta-2 agonists such as Metaproterenol?

Bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

Which beta-2 agonist should not be used in animals with heart disease?

Terbutaline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of esmolol?

Best for heart attack conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT typically treated with nonselective beta-blockers?

Bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What type of antagonist is esmolol classified as?

Beta-1 antagonist Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cholinergic drugs is accurate?

They are used to stimulate bladder function Signup and view all the answers

Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase is a mechanism associated with which type of drugs?

Beta-blockers Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using cholinergic drugs?

GI motility issues Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would most likely be treated with a nonselective beta-blocker?

Essential hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Cholinergic agonists have which of the following effects?

Increased secretions Signup and view all the answers

The indication for using cholinergic drugs includes?

Treatment of paralytic ileus Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dopexamine have as a beta non-selective agonist?

It acts as an inotropic agent. Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor does dobutamine primarily target?

Beta-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with the use of beta agonists?

Headache Signup and view all the answers

What does increased AV conduction lead to when using beta-1 agonists?

Increased risk of atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a likely consequence of excessive beta agonist use?

Cardiac failure Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a beta agonist typically have on heart rate?

It can lead to tachycardia. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a chronotropic effect?

Altering heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from cardiac ischemia?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is a known effect of beta agonists on uterine tissues?

Induces uterine relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is a pharmacological role of dopexamine in cardiac treatment?

It serves as an inotropic agent. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alpha 1 Agonists

Phenypropanolamine:
- Treats urinary incontinence by contracting the urinary sphincter muscle.
- Administered orally (PO).
Oxymetazoline:
- Treats nasal congestion by vasoconstricting nasal blood vessels.
- Administered as drops or mist.

Alpha 2 Agonists

Clonidine:
- Treats hypertension by suppressing sympathetic nervous system outflow.
- Used preoperatively to prevent rebound hypertension.
- Side effects: dry mouth, sedation, bradycardia, headache, cardiac ischemia.
- Can be administered orally and intravenously.

Beta Agonists

Dobutamine:
- Treats congestive heart failure by increasing heart contractility (inotropic agent).
- Administered intravenously.
- Side effects: arrhythmias, increased atrial fibrillation, tachycardia.
Metaproterenol/orciprenaline:
- Treats acute asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Administered orally (PO) and via inhalation.
- Not for use in animals.
Terbutaline:
- Treats acute asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Can cause tachycardia, especially in patients with heart disease, hyperthyroidism, and hypertension.
- Administered orally (PO) and via inhalation.
Salbuterol/Albuterol:
- Treats acute asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Used in small animals.
- Administered orally (PO) and via aerosol.
Salmeterol:
- Treats chronic asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Long-acting, slow-onset bronchodilator.
- Can be combined with fluticasone.
- Administered via dry powder inhalation.
Clenbuterol:
- Treats COPD in horses.
- Causes bronchodilation.
- Banned in food-producing animals for performance enhancement.
- Administered orally (PO) and via inhalation.

Beta Antagonists

Esmolol:
- Ultra-short acting beta-blocker.
- Treats cardiac arrhythmias and heart attack conditions.
- Administered intravenously.

Therapeutic Benefits of Nonselective Beta Blockers

Treats cardiac arrhythmias.
Reduces intraocular pressure for treatment of glaucoma.

Cholinergic Drugs

Indications:
- Increases bladder tone for urinary retention.
- Treats paralytic ileus and GI atony.
Side Effects:
- Bronchoconstriction
- Bradycardia
- Uterine contractions (can lead to abortion)
- CNS effects: vomit, diarrhea, urinary incontinence, salivation, sweating, miosis.

Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists

Used to treat myasthenia gravis.
Long-acting agents are preferred for reversible anticholinergic effects.

Therapeutic Uses of Nonselective Beta Blockers

Treats cardiac arrhythmias.
Treats glaucoma.
Can cause bronchoconstriction.

Parasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system can:
- Decrease heart rate.
- Increase gastrointestinal motility and secretions.
- Constrict pupils.

Sympathetic Effects

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can:
- Increase heart rate.
- Increase blood pressure.
- Dilate pupils.

Drug Actions

Muscarinic receptor antagonists block the actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.
Drugs acting on nicotinic receptors stimulate muscle contraction.
Beta-blockers inhibit the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at beta receptors.

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Description

This quiz covers key information about alpha and beta agonists, including specific drugs, their uses, administration routes, and potential side effects. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and applications of these important pharmacological agents.