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Questions and Answers
Which of the following conditions is associated with the use of long-acting reversible medications?
Which of the following conditions is associated with the use of long-acting reversible medications?
Which side effects are commonly associated with CNS effects of reversible medications?
Which side effects are commonly associated with CNS effects of reversible medications?
What is a potential effect of reversible medications on the female reproductive system?
What is a potential effect of reversible medications on the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is a characteristic effect of pilocarpine?
Which of the following is a characteristic effect of pilocarpine?
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Which symptoms indicate the sympathomimetic effect of reversible medications?
Which symptoms indicate the sympathomimetic effect of reversible medications?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of Phenypropanolamine?
What is the primary therapeutic use of Phenypropanolamine?
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Which of the following agents is an Alpha 1 agonist effective in treating nasal congestion?
Which of the following agents is an Alpha 1 agonist effective in treating nasal congestion?
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What adverse effect is associated with the use of Clonidine?
What adverse effect is associated with the use of Clonidine?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Clonidine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Clonidine?
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Which condition is treated with Vasopressin?
Which condition is treated with Vasopressin?
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What would likely occur with a sudden cessation of Clonidine treatment?
What would likely occur with a sudden cessation of Clonidine treatment?
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Which agent is partially an Alpha 2 agonist and primarily used for managing nasal blood vessel vasoconstriction?
Which agent is partially an Alpha 2 agonist and primarily used for managing nasal blood vessel vasoconstriction?
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What is a common side effect of medications that cause vasoconstriction?
What is a common side effect of medications that cause vasoconstriction?
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Which drug is a beta-2 agonist indicated for acute asthma treatment?
Which drug is a beta-2 agonist indicated for acute asthma treatment?
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Which of these medications is specifically banned in food-producing animals?
Which of these medications is specifically banned in food-producing animals?
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What is a common side effect of Terbutaline?
What is a common side effect of Terbutaline?
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Which beta-2 agonist is known for its slow onset and long duration of action?
Which beta-2 agonist is known for its slow onset and long duration of action?
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Which medication is used for bronchodilation in horses with COPD?
Which medication is used for bronchodilation in horses with COPD?
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What condition may be indicated by higher risk when using beta-2 agonists?
What condition may be indicated by higher risk when using beta-2 agonists?
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Which beta-2 agonist delivery method is preferred for small animals?
Which beta-2 agonist delivery method is preferred for small animals?
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Which drug is known as a long-acting beta-2 agonist used in combination with fluticasone?
Which drug is known as a long-acting beta-2 agonist used in combination with fluticasone?
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What is the primary action of beta-2 agonists such as Metaproterenol?
What is the primary action of beta-2 agonists such as Metaproterenol?
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Which beta-2 agonist should not be used in animals with heart disease?
Which beta-2 agonist should not be used in animals with heart disease?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of esmolol?
What is the primary therapeutic use of esmolol?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT typically treated with nonselective beta-blockers?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically treated with nonselective beta-blockers?
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What type of antagonist is esmolol classified as?
What type of antagonist is esmolol classified as?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
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Which of the following statements about cholinergic drugs is accurate?
Which of the following statements about cholinergic drugs is accurate?
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Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase is a mechanism associated with which type of drugs?
Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase is a mechanism associated with which type of drugs?
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What is a potential side effect of using cholinergic drugs?
What is a potential side effect of using cholinergic drugs?
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Which condition would most likely be treated with a nonselective beta-blocker?
Which condition would most likely be treated with a nonselective beta-blocker?
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Cholinergic agonists have which of the following effects?
Cholinergic agonists have which of the following effects?
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The indication for using cholinergic drugs includes?
The indication for using cholinergic drugs includes?
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What effect does dopexamine have as a beta non-selective agonist?
What effect does dopexamine have as a beta non-selective agonist?
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What type of receptor does dobutamine primarily target?
What type of receptor does dobutamine primarily target?
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Which side effect is associated with the use of beta agonists?
Which side effect is associated with the use of beta agonists?
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What does increased AV conduction lead to when using beta-1 agonists?
What does increased AV conduction lead to when using beta-1 agonists?
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Which of the following is a likely consequence of excessive beta agonist use?
Which of the following is a likely consequence of excessive beta agonist use?
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What effect does a beta agonist typically have on heart rate?
What effect does a beta agonist typically have on heart rate?
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Which of the following describes a chronotropic effect?
Which of the following describes a chronotropic effect?
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Which condition can result from cardiac ischemia?
Which condition can result from cardiac ischemia?
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What is a known effect of beta agonists on uterine tissues?
What is a known effect of beta agonists on uterine tissues?
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What is a pharmacological role of dopexamine in cardiac treatment?
What is a pharmacological role of dopexamine in cardiac treatment?
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Study Notes
Alpha 1 Agonists
- Phenypropanolamine:
- Treats urinary incontinence by contracting the urinary sphincter muscle.
- Administered orally (PO).
- Oxymetazoline:
- Treats nasal congestion by vasoconstricting nasal blood vessels.
- Administered as drops or mist.
Alpha 2 Agonists
- Clonidine:
- Treats hypertension by suppressing sympathetic nervous system outflow.
- Used preoperatively to prevent rebound hypertension.
- Side effects: dry mouth, sedation, bradycardia, headache, cardiac ischemia.
- Can be administered orally and intravenously.
Beta Agonists
- Dobutamine:
- Treats congestive heart failure by increasing heart contractility (inotropic agent).
- Administered intravenously.
- Side effects: arrhythmias, increased atrial fibrillation, tachycardia.
- Metaproterenol/orciprenaline:
- Treats acute asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Administered orally (PO) and via inhalation.
- Not for use in animals.
- Terbutaline:
- Treats acute asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Can cause tachycardia, especially in patients with heart disease, hyperthyroidism, and hypertension.
- Administered orally (PO) and via inhalation.
- Salbuterol/Albuterol:
- Treats acute asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Used in small animals.
- Administered orally (PO) and via aerosol.
- Salmeterol:
- Treats chronic asthma by causing bronchodilation.
- Long-acting, slow-onset bronchodilator.
- Can be combined with fluticasone.
- Administered via dry powder inhalation.
- Clenbuterol:
- Treats COPD in horses.
- Causes bronchodilation.
- Banned in food-producing animals for performance enhancement.
- Administered orally (PO) and via inhalation.
Beta Antagonists
- Esmolol:
- Ultra-short acting beta-blocker.
- Treats cardiac arrhythmias and heart attack conditions.
- Administered intravenously.
Therapeutic Benefits of Nonselective Beta Blockers
- Treats cardiac arrhythmias.
- Reduces intraocular pressure for treatment of glaucoma.
Cholinergic Drugs
- Indications:
- Increases bladder tone for urinary retention.
- Treats paralytic ileus and GI atony.
- Side Effects:
- Bronchoconstriction
- Bradycardia
- Uterine contractions (can lead to abortion)
- CNS effects: vomit, diarrhea, urinary incontinence, salivation, sweating, miosis.
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
- Used to treat myasthenia gravis.
- Long-acting agents are preferred for reversible anticholinergic effects.
Therapeutic Uses of Nonselective Beta Blockers
- Treats cardiac arrhythmias.
- Treats glaucoma.
- Can cause bronchoconstriction.
Parasympathetic Effects
- Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system can:
- Decrease heart rate.
- Increase gastrointestinal motility and secretions.
- Constrict pupils.
Sympathetic Effects
- Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can:
- Increase heart rate.
- Increase blood pressure.
- Dilate pupils.
Drug Actions
- Muscarinic receptor antagonists block the actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.
- Drugs acting on nicotinic receptors stimulate muscle contraction.
- Beta-blockers inhibit the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at beta receptors.
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Description
This quiz covers key information about alpha and beta agonists, including specific drugs, their uses, administration routes, and potential side effects. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and applications of these important pharmacological agents.
