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Questions and Answers
How does Warfarin exert its anticoagulant effects?
How does Warfarin exert its anticoagulant effects?
- By enhancing the activity of antithrombin III
- By directly inhibiting thrombin
- By blocking the synthesis of fibrinogen
- Through the inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase (correct)
What is the mechanism by which aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation?
What is the mechanism by which aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation?
- Reversibly blocking ADP receptors on platelets
- Increasing levels of cyclic AMP within platelets
- Irreversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme (correct)
- Antagonizing the effects of thromboxane A2
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is crucial in fibrinolysis. What is its primary function?
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is crucial in fibrinolysis. What is its primary function?
- Converting plasminogen to plasmin (correct)
- Enhancing the production of platelets
- Inhibiting the formation of fibrin polymers
- Stabilizing the fibrin clot through cross-linking
Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) has significant effects on hemostasis. What are these effects?
Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) has significant effects on hemostasis. What are these effects?
Rivaroxaban is prescribed as an anticoagulant medication. How does it achieve its therapeutic effect?
Rivaroxaban is prescribed as an anticoagulant medication. How does it achieve its therapeutic effect?
What is the function of GPVI in platelet adhesion?
What is the function of GPVI in platelet adhesion?
How does nitric oxide (NO) influence platelet activity under normal physiological conditions?
How does nitric oxide (NO) influence platelet activity under normal physiological conditions?
What is the primary role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?
What is the primary role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?
What process is directly stimulated following the binding of insulin to its receptor?
What process is directly stimulated following the binding of insulin to its receptor?
How do sulfonylureas enhance insulin secretion?
How do sulfonylureas enhance insulin secretion?
Flashcards
Thiazolidinediones primary effect?
Thiazolidinediones primary effect?
Thiazolidinediones increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin.
Warfarin's Mechanism?
Warfarin's Mechanism?
Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing active clotting factors.
Platelet initial adhesion?
Platelet initial adhesion?
Platelets adhere via GPIb interacting with von Willebrand factor at injury sites.
Aspirin's antiplatelet action?
Aspirin's antiplatelet action?
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t-PA role in fibrinolysis?
t-PA role in fibrinolysis?
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PGI2's primary physiological effect?
PGI2's primary physiological effect?
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Rivaroxaban MOA?
Rivaroxaban MOA?
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Glycoprotein receptor binds collagen?
Glycoprotein receptor binds collagen?
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Nitric oxide effect on platelets?
Nitric oxide effect on platelets?
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Insulin in glucose regulation?
Insulin in glucose regulation?
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Study Notes
- Thiazolidinediones primarily increase insulin sensitivity.
- Warfarin's mechanism of action includes inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase.
- Platelets initially adhere to the site of vascular injury through the interaction of GPIb with von Willebrand factor.
- Aspirin acts as an antiplatelet agent by irreversibly inhibiting the COX enzyme.
- Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) converts plasminogen to plasmin in fibrinolysis.
- Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) inhibits platelet aggregation and acts as a vasodilator in hemostasis.
- Rivaroxaban acts as a Factor Xa inhibitor.
- Glycoprotein receptor GPVI directly binds to collagen, initiating platelet adhesion.
- Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits platelet activation under physiological conditions.
- Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.
- Insulin is not a counterregulatory hormone to itself.
- An increase in intracellular calcium triggers the release of insulin from cytoplasm vesicles in pancreatic β-cells.
- Insulin binding to its receptor primarily activates tyrosine kinase activity.
- Sulfonylureas act by inhibiting the β-cell K+/ATP channel.
- Loop diuretics are most likely to cause low blood levels of magnesium as an adverse effect.
- Lisinopril's therapeutic usefulness is due to reduced synthesis of angiotensin II.
- Alpha 1 antagonists are likely to induce reflex tachycardia.
- Propranolol causes mild vasoconstriction but can still be used to manage hypertension in some cases.
- Losartan blocks Angiotensin II receptors.
- Loop diuretics inhibit the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter.
- Dobutamine is suitable for managing acute heart failure, but not chronic heart failure.
- ACE inhibitors reduce preload by reducing blood volume.
- HDL cholesterol transports lipids to the liver for disposal.
- Calcium channel blockade delays pacemaker action potential depolarization (phase 0) in certain antiarrhythmic drugs.
- Class IV antiarrhythmics delay depolarization in pacemaker action potentials and have no effect on cardiac action potentials.
- All three types of sodium channel blockers prolong depolarization during cardiac action potentials.
- The M2 muscarinic receptor is in the heart and mediates autonomic nervous system-initiated decreased heart rate.
- Reentry is an arrhythmia mechanism involving impulses traveling in circles.
- Funny (If) channels are responsible for depolarizing pacemaker cells to the action potential threshold (phase 4).
- Histamine antagonists reduce acid secretion in the stomach by inhibiting Gs coupled receptors.
- Bismuth coats ulcers, allowing mucosal and bicarbonate secretions to reestablish the acid gradient.
- Activation of Gq receptors results in increased intracellular calcium in parietal cells in response to gastrin exposure.
- Bulk-forming laxatives pose the greatest risk of impaction in a patient with opioid-induced constipation.
- It is most necessary to avoid using an antidiarrheal drug when a patient has diarrhea from a pathogen.
- Anticholinergic agents are most useful for motion sickness.
- Somatostatin reduces gastric acid secretion by activating Gi coupled receptors.
- Bronchodilation is promoted by antagonism of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
- Second-generation antihistamines produce fewer anticholinergic effects than first-generation antihistamines.
- Zileuton reduces inflammation by blocking leukotriene synthesis.
- Oxymetazoline relieves nasal congestion through vasoconstriction in nasal passages.
- Histamine primarily comes from mast cell degranulation during an allergic response.
- Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels.
- Secondary hyperthyroidism presents with high TSH and T3/T4 levels.
- A cortisol-secreting tumor can be suggested by low ACTH levels.
- The concentration response curve for codeine would have a higher peak response than the curve for buprenorphine.
- Analgesic effects of opioids are due to the activation of Gi coupled receptors.
- Opioid dependence involves altered norepinephrine signaling in the pons.
- Naloxone acts as an antagonist at opioid receptors.
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance involves decreased receptor activity, differing from pharmacokinetic tolerance.
- Inhibition of serotonin reuptake treats neuropathic pain but is less useful for severe acute pain.
- Corticosteroids relieve pain primarily by reducing inflammation.
- Corticosteroids reduce inflammation by inhibiting phospholipase A2.
- Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear of the joints.
- Redness and swelling around the affected joint are most characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis.
- Allopurinol lowers uric acid levels.
- Renal dysfunction is an adverse effect equally likely with celecoxib and aspirin.
- Opioids with the fastest rise in brain concentration are more likely to lead to drug-seeking behavior.
- Flumazenil would be most useful for benzodiazepine overdose.
- Red eyes are the most common sign of cannabis intoxication.
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