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Questions and Answers
What was the percentage reduction in body weight produced by orlistat compared to the control group in the meta-analysis?
What main effect does sibutramine have on food intake?
Which hormone levels does orlistat reportedly reduce?
For what reason was sibutramine withdrawn in most countries?
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How does orlistat affect the release or action of thyroid hormones?
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Which metabolic parameter is improved by orlistat?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with the drug class that includes pioglitazone?
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What was the effect of sibutramine combined with lifestyle modification?
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Which parameter does sibutramine NOT affect according to the findings?
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What therapy is pioglitazone typically combined with to improve outcomes in type 2 diabetes?
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Which drug continues to be in clinical use among the thiazolidinediones?
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What is a characteristic effect of GLP-1 agonists after they are administered?
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Which of the following events has NOT been associated with earlier thiazolidinedione drugs?
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What is the typical time frame within which thiazolidinediones achieve their maximum effect?
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How do GLP-1 agonists contribute to weight management in patients?
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Which statement about the efficacy of incretin mimetics is correct?
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What condition is liraglutide primarily used to treat?
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Which hormone's levels are not suppressed by food in obese individuals?
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What does the research by Colditz et al. in 1995 link to diabetes risk?
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Which of the following describes the role of leptin according to the studies mentioned?
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What does the neuroendocrine regulation of metabolism involve?
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Which publication is considered a classic on the role of leptin?
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What is a major conclusion drawn from the research by Barsh et al. in 2000?
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What aspect of body fat regulation does the hypothesis by Kennedy et al. highlight?
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What effect does pioglitazone have on hemoglobin A1C?
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What is a potential adverse effect associated with pioglitazone?
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What is a consideration regarding the long-term use of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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Which of the following is NOT true concerning the effects of pioglitazone?
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What is the main concern associated with the cardiovascular risk when comparing SGLT2 inhibitors to metformin?
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Which of the following studies is considered a landmark clinical trial related to diabetes control?
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What is a potential benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
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What does the acronym IRS refer to in the context of diabetes complications?
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What percentage of obesity cases is primarily caused by single gene mutations, according to the review mentioned?
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Which gene mutations are indicated as contributing factors to obesity?
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Which mutation is most commonly found in obese patients?
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What is the primary characteristic of polygenic obesity?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of obesity?
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Which receptor mutations are associated with the central processing of appetite and energy expenditure?
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What conditions are significantly increased by having a BMI over 30 kg/m2?
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Which of these issues is a potential defect leading to obesity?
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Study Notes
Thiazolidinediones
- Drugs in this class, despite commercial success, have had adverse effects, especially cardiovascular problems
- No clinical trials have shown a benefit on mortality
- Licensed on the basis of effects on HbA1c, a surrogate marker for long-term diabetes status, whose clinical significance is uncertain
- Pioglitazone is the only drug remaining in clinical use after rosiglitazone and troglitazone faced regulatory action
- Rosiglitazone was shown to increase heart attack risk, and troglitazone was shown to cause liver damage
- The effects of thiazolidinediones on blood glucose are slow, with maximum effects being achieved only after 1-2 months of treatment
- They enhance the effectiveness of endogenous insulin, which reduces hepatic glucose output, and increases glucose uptake into muscle
- Pioglitazone improves control, but increases weight, causes heart failure and fluid retention
Incretin Mimetics
- Exenatide is a synthetic version of exendin-4, a peptide found in the saliva of the Gila monster
- GLP-1 agonists increase insulin secretion, suppress glucagon secretion and slow gastric emptying
- They reduce food intake by affecting satiety, which is associated with modest weight loss
- They are administered by subcutaneous injection once daily or weekly
- GLP-1 agonists are associated with increased cardiovascular risk
Sodium Glucose Co-transporter (SGLT)2 Inhibitors
- Improve control, but long term outcomes and safety data are still emerging
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of thiazolidinediones and incretin mimetics in diabetes treatment. It discusses the implications of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular health, regulatory actions, and their effects on glucose management. Additionally, it touches on the synthetic nature of incretin mimetics and their potential benefits.
