Questions and Answers
What are pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body affects a drug, while pharmacodynamics refers to how the drug affects the body.
Which of the following is not a source of drugs?
Who is considered the father of pharmacology?
The study of herbal remedies is known as ______.
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The drug Acetaminophen is also known as Tylenol.
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What do the terms chemical name, generic name, and trade name refer to in pharmacology?
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Match the following classifications of drugs with their examples:
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Which classification does Penicillin belong to?
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What is pharmacology?
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In what year did Samuel Dale publish 'Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum'?
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What is the purpose of drug information resources?
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Study Notes
Objectives of Pharmacology
- Define pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics.
- Identify the five phases of the nursing process in pharmacology.
- Distinguish between a drug's chemical name, generic name, and trade name.
- Differentiate prescription drugs from over-the-counter drugs.
History of Pharmacology
- Pharmacology's origins trace back to the use of plants for symptom relief.
- Earliest prescriptions recorded on Babylonian clay tablets (3000 B.C.).
- Egyptian Eber's Papyrus (1500 B.C.) and the "Materia Medica" in ancient studies of herbal remedies.
- Samuel Dale's significant work, "Pharmacologia," published in 1693.
- 18th and 19th centuries: Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard laid the groundwork for experimental physiology and pharmacology.
- 20th century advancements: Laboratory synthesis of drugs.
Key Figures in Pharmacology
- Oswald Schmiedeberg, recognized as the Father of Pharmacology, contributed significantly to the field.
- Studied substances like chloroform (an anesthetic) and chloral hydrate (sedative hypnotic).
Definitions in Pharmacology
- Pharmacology: Science of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
- Drug: Any chemical that influences physiological processes; encompasses therapeutic drugs termed medicines.
Drug Nomenclature
- Chemical Name: Defines chemical structure and constitution.
- Generic Name: Common name recognized universally.
- Brand/Trade Name: Proprietary name or trademark (e.g., Acetaminophen is known as Tylenol).
Classifications of Drugs
- Based on body systems affected (e.g., respiratory, cardiovascular).
- According to therapeutic use or clinical indications (e.g., antihypertensive).
- By physiological or chemical action (e.g., anticholinergic).
- Distinction between prescription and non-prescription drugs.
- Classification of illegal/recreational drugs.
Drug Classifications by Chemical Nature
- Inorganic Drugs: Metals (e.g., Ferrous Sulfate) and Non-metals (e.g., Sulfur).
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Organic Drugs:
- Alkaloids: Atropine, Morphine.
- Glycosides: Digitoxin, Digoxin.
- Proteins: Insulin, Oxytocin.
Classification Based on Source
-
Natural Sources:
- Plants: Morphine, Atropine.
- Animals: Insulin.
- Microorganisms: Penicillin.
- Minerals: Sodium chloride.
- Synthetic Sources: e.g., Sulfonamides (synthetic antimicrobials).
Classification Based on Target Organ
- CNS: Phenobarbitone, Barbiturates.
- Respiratory System: Bromhexine, Mucolytics.
- Cardiovascular System: Digitoxin, Digoxin.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Sulphadimidine.
- Urinary System: Magnesium Sulphate.
- Reproductive System: Oxytocin, Estrogen.
Mode of Action Classification
- Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors: Penicillin.
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Tetracycline.
- Calcium Channel Blockers: Verapamil, Nifedipine.
Physical Effects Classification
- Emollients: Soften skin—e.g., Lanolin.
- Caustics: Corrosives like Silver nitrates.
- Demulcents: Protect mucous membranes—e.g., Zinc oxide.
Drug Information Resources
- Encompasses medication information and drug informatics.
- Involves discovery, application, and management of drug-related information.
- Covers aspects from identification and cost to pharmacokinetics, dosage, and adverse effects.
Classification of Information Sources
- Primary Sources: Clinical research studies and reports (published and unpublished).
- Secondary Sources: References that index or abstract primary literature for easier access and review.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics. It also examines common terms used in the nursing process and the differences between drug classifications. Test your understanding of these essential topics in healthcare.
