Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which substance is commonly associated with inhalation and exhalation routes of use?
Which substance is commonly associated with inhalation and exhalation routes of use?
What is the maximum recommended dose for the extended-release form mentioned?
What is the maximum recommended dose for the extended-release form mentioned?
Which substance is NOT categorized under Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)?
Which substance is NOT categorized under Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)?
Which of the following substances is primarily known for its association with lung injury from e-cigarettes or vaping?
Which of the following substances is primarily known for its association with lung injury from e-cigarettes or vaping?
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Which option is a known psychoactive substance used for its euphoric effects?
Which option is a known psychoactive substance used for its euphoric effects?
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Which substance listed is typically not recommended for therapeutic use?
Which substance listed is typically not recommended for therapeutic use?
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What class of drugs does flunitrazepam belong to?
What class of drugs does flunitrazepam belong to?
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Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for substances used in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) treatment?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for substances used in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) treatment?
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What does T(n) represent in the context of computational complexity?
What does T(n) represent in the context of computational complexity?
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Which of the following functions grows the fastest as n increases?
Which of the following functions grows the fastest as n increases?
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What does the notation $O(f(n))$ signify in algorithm analysis?
What does the notation $O(f(n))$ signify in algorithm analysis?
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In asymptotic notation, which term represents the most significant factor in $T(n) = O(n^2)$?
In asymptotic notation, which term represents the most significant factor in $T(n) = O(n^2)$?
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What is most likely to cause a non-linear time complexity in an algorithm?
What is most likely to cause a non-linear time complexity in an algorithm?
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Which function is least likely to appear in algorithm analysis due to its negligible growth?
Which function is least likely to appear in algorithm analysis due to its negligible growth?
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In big O notation, how would you represent a function that grows at a rate proportional to the logarithm of its input size?
In big O notation, how would you represent a function that grows at a rate proportional to the logarithm of its input size?
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What type of algorithm would likely result in a time complexity of O(n log n)?
What type of algorithm would likely result in a time complexity of O(n log n)?
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Which of the following algorithms would have the worst case time complexity of O(n^2)?
Which of the following algorithms would have the worst case time complexity of O(n^2)?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Nursing Process is a systematic method to address health needs, including drug administration
- NCSBN defines nursing process as a scientific clinical reasoning approach to client care
Clinical Judgment Measurement Model
- CJMM measures new graduates' clinical judgment competence
- NCSBN defines clinical judgment as an observed outcome of critical thinking and decision-making
- CJMM includes six cognitive skills:
- Recognize Cues: gathering patient health and lifestyle information
- Analyze Cues: interpreting patient problems
- Prioritize Hypothesis: ranking patient problems by priority
- Generate Solutions: planning interventions
- Take Action: implementing nursing interventions
- Evaluate Outcomes: evaluating intervention effectiveness
Nursing Process Steps
- Assessment: collecting patient data
- Analysis: interpreting patient problems
- Planning: developing a plan of care
- Intervention: implementing nursing interventions
- Evaluation: evaluating intervention effectiveness
Patient Problems
- Patient problems are the basis for the patient plan of care
- Examples of patient problems include financial, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine use, cultural dietary barriers, patient home safety needs, and caregiver needs.
Concept
- The concept in nursing care focuses on the reason for the care rather than just the disease. It has a more holistic view of the patient.
Nursing Alliance for Quality Care (NAQC)
- NAQC supports quality patient-centered healthcare
- Its mission is to promote quality, safety, and value in consumer-centered care, using a nursing diagnosis.
Objective Data
- Objective data are directly observable aspects of the patient's health status.
- Examples include physical assessments, lab results, physician notes, vital signs, and body language.
Recognize Cues
- Cues are important facts about the patient, gathered from their practices and lifestyle, that help the nurse make clinical care decisions.
Steps of the Clinical Judgment Measurement Model and the Nursing Process
- The steps for the CJMM and the nursing process involve recognizing cues, analyzing them, prioritizing problems, generating solutions, acting on them, and evaluating the outcome.
- The analysis phase prioritizes problems from the collected data and includes Analyze Cues and Prioritize Hypothesis.
Subjective Data
- Subjective data is patient-reported information about their health problems, medications, and lifestyle.
- Examples include inquiring about the patient's current health history, including family history, asking about swallowing problems, discussing the patient's health concerns, and asking about knowledge of medications/side effects, OTC remedies, and herbal remedies.
Patient Teaching
- Patient teaching is a crucial part of the nursing process.
- The nurse should provide education regarding medications including the correct dosage, administration, and potential side effects.
Medication Information
- The example given involves medication name, dosage, reason for taking the drug, time to take it, and potential side effects.
Common Patient Problems Related to Drug Therapy
- Common patient problems associated with drug therapy are listed. These are examples and not an exhaustive list.
Health Teaching
- Health teaching involves educating patients about their attitudes and values towards taking their medications.
- It includes emphasizing patient social support systems and promoting medication compliance.
- The analysis phase of the nursing process is about identifying, organizing, and prioritizing the patient's problems. The nurse should consider how cues relate to the patient's condition and what is or isn't concerning.
Tools for Medication Management
- Tools that facilitate medication management include drug boxes with labeled compartments and multidose pill packets.
Expected Outcomes
- Expected outcomes of patient education and medication management include a patient who can independently administer medications, prepare a medication schedule, and identify potential side effects, and communicate those to their healthcare provider.
Nursing Interventions for Patient Education and Medication Management
- Interventions to promote patient education involve teaching, support, and collaboration with other healthcare professionals to establish a comprehensive plan of care.
Important Considerations
- Important considerations include HIPAA compliance to maintain patient confidentiality, cultural competence to accommodate patient needs, and family involvement to provide support.
Medication Recording Sheet
- Medication recording sheets track medication administration and include essential information such as date, time, medication name, dosage, route, and any adverse reactions or side effects.
Patient Assessment and Intervention
- Patient assessment focuses on identifying the patient's priority physical and emotional needs, and formulating a SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) nursing problem statement.
Nursing Interventions
- Nursing interventions for patients with nursing problems include educating patients on their medication regimens, providing medication recording sheets, encouraging questions and concerns, and referring to relevant healthcare professionals if necessary.
Evaluation of Outcomes
- Evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions by assessing whether patients can effectively manage their medication.
- This includes monitoring overall physical and emotional well-being.
Substance Use Disorder
- Substance use disorder is characterized by substance use despite negative consequences.
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, provides diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder
- Substance use disorder is characterized by a pattern of use that leads to significant impairment or distress in at least two of the criteria noted.
Types of Substance Use Disorders
- Several types of substance use disorders exist, including tobacco, alcohol, opioid, cannabis, PCP use, synthetic cannabinoids, and other substances.
Management of Substance Use Disorder
- Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapies.
- The goal is to achieve abstinence from the substance, improve their overall quality of life.
Key Principles of Patient Education
- Health literacy, cultural sensitivity, individualized teaching, and family involvement are essential for effective patient education.
Medication Management Steps
- Medication management includes assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Tools for Medication Management
- Examples of tools for medication management include drug boxes, containers, and multi-dose pill packets.
Important Considerations for Effective Patient Education and Medication Management
- Consider factors like HIPAA, cultural competence, and family involvement.
Inhalants
- Inhalants are substances inhaled to produce a rapid high.
- Some common names for inhalants include spray paints, markers, glues, cleaning fluids, and nitrites.
Dissociative Drugs
- Dissociative drugs cause users to feel detached from reality.
- Examples include ketamine and nitrous oxide.
- The effects of these drugs can include dreamlike states, hallucinations, sedation, confusion, loss of memory, problems moving, raised blood pressure, and slowed breathing.
Cocaine
- Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from coca leaves.
- Short-term effects can include euphoria, narrowed blood vessels, enlarged pupils, increased body temperature, and loss of appetite.
- Long-term effects can include brain damage, problems with thinking and memory, depression, and more.
Methamphetamine
- Methamphetamine is a highly addictive substance that affects the central nervous system, increasing dopamine levels.
- Consequences can include increased heart rate, blood pressure, paranoia, anxiety, violent behavior, insomnia, restlessness, and panic attacks, stroke, seizure, and coma.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
- MDMA is a substance that can cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, euphoria, paranoia, anxiety, violent behavior, insomnia, restlessness, and panic attacks, stroke, seizure, and coma.
Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts)
- Synthetic cathinones are substances that cause increased heart rate, euphoria, paranoia, anxiety, violent behavior, insomnia, restlessness, and panic attacks, stroke, seizure, and coma.
Kratom
- Kratom is a substance that can cause increased energy and alertness, euphoria, relaxation, nausea and vomiting, constipation and loss of appetite and seizure and coma
Opioids
- Opioids are substances that cause euphoria and relaxation, drowsiness and confusion, nausea and vomiting, constipation and loss of appetite, and seizure and coma.
Phencyclidine (PCP)
- Phencyclidine, also known as Angel Dust, is a substance that can cause euphoria and relaxation, drowsiness and confusion, nausea and vomiting, constipation, and seizure and coma.
Synthetic Cannabinoids
- Synthetic cannabinoids, also known as K2 or Spice, are substances that can cause euphoria and relaxation, anxiety and paranoia, nausea and vomiting, constipation and loss of appetite, and seizure and coma.
Treatment Options
- Treatment options for substance use disorders often involve medications, as seen in opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder.
- Behavioral therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, motivational interviewing, and family therapy, can also be utilized
- Various medications, such as naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, and methadone, are utilized in treatment.
Withdrawal Symptoms
- Withdrawal symptoms can occur when someone stops using a substance.
- Possible symptoms include nausea, vomiting, sweating, tremors, anxiety, paranoia, insomnia, restlessness, and seizures, and coma.
Commonly Abused Drugs
- Examples include Rohypnol, GHB, and LSD.
Treatment Options for Substance Use Disorders
- Treatment often involves medications and behavioral therapies.
- Some options include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, motivational interviewing, and twelve-step facilitation therapy.
E-cigarettes
- E-cigarettes contain a mixture of flavorings, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine
- Risks include myocardial infarction, cognitive and behavioral issues, and respiratory problems.
Anabolic Steroids
- Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones that promote muscle growth, however, they can cause health risks, like hypertension, liver damage, kidney damage, an enlarged heart and changes in cholesterol levels.
Street Names
- Street names often referenced for these drugs in this context.
Medical Conditions
- Medical conditions that are sometimes treated with anabolic steroids are included.
Data Analysis and Visualization
- Data analysis and visualization tools, steps/techniques are introduced and some examples of visualization tools/software are given. This section is brief.
Factors that Contribute to Substance Use Disorders Among Nurses
- Job stress, emotional demands, long hours, and access to drugs are contributing factors to substance use disorders among nurses.
Identifying Substance Use Disorder
- A nurse should recognize symptoms that include withdrawal symptoms, drug-seeking behaviors, restlessness, and vomiting.
Reporting Substance Use Disorder
- If a nurse observes possible drug diversion, they are instructed to report such activity.
Treatment for Substance Use Disorder
- Treatment options for substance use disorders may involve disulfiram, naltrexone, and buprenorphine.
- Nurses are instructed to educate patients on medication importance. Nurses should educate patients on the importance of taking medications correctly to encourage compliance, to educate patients on common food/hygiene products containing alcohol, and on how to reduce the risk of nausea, vomiting, and potential fatal side effects with disulfiram.
- Nurses should anticipate possible administering medications like naloxone for opioid overdose.
Coping with Substance Use Disorder
- Coping is a process of managing internal and external situations perceived as difficult.
- Strategies include support groups, counseling, and medication therapy.
Clinical Judgment
- When assessing a patient with a substance use disorder, clinical judgment requires the nurse to assess the patient's capacity to make decisions and identify treatment barriers, develop a plan to manage withdrawal and prevent relapse, and educate the patient regarding treatment options.
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Description
This quiz explores fundamental concepts related to pharmacology and the nursing process, focusing on clinical judgment and decision-making. It covers elements such as recognizing and analyzing patient cues, planning interventions, and evaluating outcomes. Understand how these processes contribute to effective patient care and nursing practice.
