Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What is the science that deals with the effects of drugs on living systems?

  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacology (correct)

    • What is the chapter number of 'Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular Function'?

  • 4 (correct)
  • 6
  • 3
  • 5

    • What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones'?

  • Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
  • Endocrine Pharmacology (correct)
  • General Pharmacology
  • Renal Pharmacology

    • What is the chapter number of 'Autacoids and Respiratory System'?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Antidiarrhoeal Agents'?

    <p>Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Fluorides'?

    <p>Dental Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chapter number of 'Chemotherapy'?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Antiepileptic Drugs'?

    <p>Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chapter number of 'Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System'?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'General Anaesthetics'?

    <p>Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?

    <p>It has a quick onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of the intramuscular route of drug administration?

    <p>It can cause injury to the nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum volume of a drug that can be given at a time through the intramuscular route?

    <p>5-10 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bioavailability of a drug administered through the intravenous route?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a slow intravenous injection?

    <p>I.v. morphine in myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the intramuscular route over the oral route?

    <p>It is a more rapid route of absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?

    <p>Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a drug that can be given through the intramuscular route?

    <p>Paracetamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a high ratio of a drug's distribution?

    <p>The volume of distribution for the drug will be higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of action of thiopentone after intravenous administration?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a drug diffuses from highly perfused tissues to less-perfused tissues?

    <p>Redistribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is not capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thiopentone in anaesthesia?

    <p>Induction of anaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic use of drugs that accumulate in tissues or organs?

    <p>Toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of endothelial cells in brain capillaries?

    <p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pathological states such as meningitis and encephalitis on the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Increased permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the lipid membrane between a mother and fetus?

    <p>Placental barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs cannot cross the placental barrier?

    <p>d-tubacurarine (d-TC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of plasma protein binding on drug absorption?

    <p>It favours drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the metabolism of highly plasma protein-bound drugs?

    <p>It delays the metabolism of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for metabolizing succinylcholine?

    <p>Plasma pseudocholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the excretion of highly plasma protein-bound drugs delayed?

    <p>Because the bound form is not available for filtration at the glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high plasma protein binding on the duration of action of a drug?

    <p>It increases the duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action of succinylcholine in individuals with typical pseudocholinesterase?

    <p>3-6 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the difference in duration of action between sulphadiazine and sulphadoxine?

    <p>Sulphadoxine is highly plasma protein-bound, whereas sulphadiazine is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of atypical pseudocholinesterase metabolizing succinylcholine?

    <p>Prolonged apnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high plasma protein binding on the volume of distribution of a drug?

    <p>It decreases the volume of distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of G6PD activity in RBCs?

    <p>To maintain the integrity of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of simultaneous administration of certain drugs?

    <p>Increased or decreased metabolism of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of enzyme induction on the metabolism of drugs?

    <p>It increases the metabolism of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an enzyme inducer?

    <p>Rifampicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rifampicin inducing the metabolism of oral contraceptives?

    <p>Contraceptive failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Pharmacology

    • Pharmacology: The science that deals with the effects of drugs on living systems.

    Routes of Drug Administration

    • Oral Route: Drug absorption is slow, hence not suitable for emergencies.
    • Intramuscular (i.m.) Route:
    • Advantages: Rapid absorption, can be used for depot injections, and mild irritants.
    • Disadvantages: Aseptic conditions are needed, painful, and may cause abscess.
    • Intravenous (i.v.) Route:
    • Advantages: 100% bioavailability, quick onset of action, and can be used for large volume of fluid administration.
    • Disadvantages: Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted, and local irritation may cause phlebitis.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Absorption: The rate and extent of drug absorption depend on the route of administration.
    • Distribution: The distribution of a drug depends on its lipid solubility, ionization, and protein binding.
    • Redistribution: The process of drug diffusion from areas of high blood flow to areas of low blood flow, leading to termination of drug action.
    • Drug Reservoirs or Tissue Storage: Certain drugs can be concentrated or accumulated in tissues or organs, leading to toxicity on chronic use.

    Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

    • Definition: The capillary boundary that separates the blood and brain.
    • Characteristics: Lipid-soluble and unionized forms of drugs can cross the BBB, while lipid-insoluble and ionized particles cannot.

    Placental Barrier

    • Definition: The lipid membrane that separates the mother and fetus.
    • Characteristics: Certain drugs can cross the placenta and affect the fetus/newborn.

    Plasma Protein Binding

    • Definition: The binding of drugs to plasma proteins like albumin and α1 acid glycoprotein.
    • Clinical Importance:
    • Favors drug absorption.
    • Delays drug metabolism.
    • Bound form is not available for filtration at the glomeruli.
    • Highly protein-bound drugs have a longer duration of action.

    Enzyme Induction and Inhibition

    • Enzyme Induction: The increased synthesis of microsomal enzymes due to repeated administration of certain drugs.
    • Enzyme Inhibition: The decrease in microsomal enzyme activity due to the presence of certain drugs.
    • Clinical Importance:
    • Enzyme induction may accelerate the metabolism of drugs, leading to therapeutic failure.
    • Autoinduction may lead to the development of drug tolerance.
    • Enzyme induction can lead to drug toxicity.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of pharmacology, including general pharmacology concepts and principles.

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