42 Questions
What is the science that deals with the effects of drugs on living systems?
Pharmacology
What is the chapter number of 'Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular Function'?
4
What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones'?
Endocrine Pharmacology
What is the chapter number of 'Autacoids and Respiratory System'?
7
What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Antidiarrhoeal Agents'?
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Fluorides'?
Dental Pharmacology
What is the chapter number of 'Chemotherapy'?
11
What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'Antiepileptic Drugs'?
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
What is the chapter number of 'Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System'?
3
What is the title of the chapter that deals with 'General Anaesthetics'?
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
What is the main advantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?
It has a quick onset of action
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the intramuscular route of drug administration?
It can cause injury to the nerves
What is the maximum volume of a drug that can be given at a time through the intramuscular route?
5-10 mL
What is the bioavailability of a drug administered through the intravenous route?
100%
Which of the following is an example of a slow intravenous injection?
I.v. morphine in myocardial infarction
What is the main advantage of the intramuscular route over the oral route?
It is a more rapid route of absorption
What is the main disadvantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?
Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted
Which of the following is an example of a drug that can be given through the intramuscular route?
Paracetamol
What is the outcome of a high ratio of a drug's distribution?
The volume of distribution for the drug will be higher
What is the primary site of action of thiopentone after intravenous administration?
Brain
What is the term for the process by which a drug diffuses from highly perfused tissues to less-perfused tissues?
Redistribution
Which of the following drugs is not capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier?
Dopamine
What is the purpose of thiopentone in anaesthesia?
Induction of anaesthesia
What is the consequence of chronic use of drugs that accumulate in tissues or organs?
Toxicity
What is the characteristic of endothelial cells in brain capillaries?
Tight junctions
What is the effect of pathological states such as meningitis and encephalitis on the blood-brain barrier?
Increased permeability
What is the name of the lipid membrane between a mother and fetus?
Placental barrier
Which of the following drugs cannot cross the placental barrier?
d-tubacurarine (d-TC)
What is the result of plasma protein binding on drug absorption?
It favours drug absorption
What happens to the metabolism of highly plasma protein-bound drugs?
It delays the metabolism of the drug
What is the enzyme responsible for metabolizing succinylcholine?
Plasma pseudocholinesterase
Why is the excretion of highly plasma protein-bound drugs delayed?
Because the bound form is not available for filtration at the glomeruli
What is the effect of high plasma protein binding on the duration of action of a drug?
It increases the duration of action
What is the duration of action of succinylcholine in individuals with typical pseudocholinesterase?
3-6 minutes
What is the reason for the difference in duration of action between sulphadiazine and sulphadoxine?
Sulphadoxine is highly plasma protein-bound, whereas sulphadiazine is not
What is the result of atypical pseudocholinesterase metabolizing succinylcholine?
Prolonged apnoea
What is the result of high plasma protein binding on the volume of distribution of a drug?
It decreases the volume of distribution
What is the importance of G6PD activity in RBCs?
To maintain the integrity of RBCs
What is the result of simultaneous administration of certain drugs?
Increased or decreased metabolism of drugs
What is the effect of enzyme induction on the metabolism of drugs?
It increases the metabolism of drugs
What is an example of an enzyme inducer?
Rifampicin
What is the result of rifampicin inducing the metabolism of oral contraceptives?
Contraceptive failure
Study Notes
General Pharmacology
- Pharmacology: The science that deals with the effects of drugs on living systems.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Oral Route: Drug absorption is slow, hence not suitable for emergencies.
- Intramuscular (i.m.) Route:
- Advantages: Rapid absorption, can be used for depot injections, and mild irritants.
- Disadvantages: Aseptic conditions are needed, painful, and may cause abscess.
- Intravenous (i.v.) Route:
- Advantages: 100% bioavailability, quick onset of action, and can be used for large volume of fluid administration.
- Disadvantages: Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted, and local irritation may cause phlebitis.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: The rate and extent of drug absorption depend on the route of administration.
- Distribution: The distribution of a drug depends on its lipid solubility, ionization, and protein binding.
- Redistribution: The process of drug diffusion from areas of high blood flow to areas of low blood flow, leading to termination of drug action.
- Drug Reservoirs or Tissue Storage: Certain drugs can be concentrated or accumulated in tissues or organs, leading to toxicity on chronic use.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
- Definition: The capillary boundary that separates the blood and brain.
- Characteristics: Lipid-soluble and unionized forms of drugs can cross the BBB, while lipid-insoluble and ionized particles cannot.
Placental Barrier
- Definition: The lipid membrane that separates the mother and fetus.
- Characteristics: Certain drugs can cross the placenta and affect the fetus/newborn.
Plasma Protein Binding
- Definition: The binding of drugs to plasma proteins like albumin and α1 acid glycoprotein.
- Clinical Importance:
- Favors drug absorption.
- Delays drug metabolism.
- Bound form is not available for filtration at the glomeruli.
- Highly protein-bound drugs have a longer duration of action.
Enzyme Induction and Inhibition
- Enzyme Induction: The increased synthesis of microsomal enzymes due to repeated administration of certain drugs.
- Enzyme Inhibition: The decrease in microsomal enzyme activity due to the presence of certain drugs.
- Clinical Importance:
- Enzyme induction may accelerate the metabolism of drugs, leading to therapeutic failure.
- Autoinduction may lead to the development of drug tolerance.
- Enzyme induction can lead to drug toxicity.
This quiz covers the basics of pharmacology, including general pharmacology concepts and principles.
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