27 Pharmacology in Sheep and Goats

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Questions and Answers

In small ruminant clinical pharmacology, which of the following considerations is MOST critical due to AMDUCA and ELDU regulations?

Utilizing compounded drugs for routine procedures to ensure cost-effectiveness.
Establishing a valid Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR) when Extended Label Drug Use (ELDU) is necessary. (correct)
Prescribing medicated feeds labeled for goats for enhanced palatability and ease of administration.
Prioritizing over-the-counter medications to minimize regulatory oversight and improve client compliance.

A dairy goat producer is considering using a medicated feed for parasite control in their herd. Which of the following statements regarding medicated feeds for goats is CORRECT?

The use of medicated feeds is a preferred method for ensuring consistent drug delivery to all goats in a herd.
Medicated feeds for goats are available but require strict veterinary oversight and prescription.
There are no medicated feeds currently labeled for use in goats due to regulatory restrictions. (correct)
Medicated feeds are a readily available and cost-effective option for parasite control in goats.

A veterinarian administers a sedation cocktail of ketamine, midazolam, and butorphanol intravenously to a goat. If, after the initial dose, the goat requires a deeper plane of sedation, which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step?

Administer an additional intramuscular dose of the ketamine-midazolam-butorphanol cocktail.
Administer an additional intravenous bolus of midazolam to enhance muscle relaxation.
Administer an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist such as xylazine to deepen sedation.
Administer an additional intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg of ketamine. (correct)

Which of the following physiological effects of xylazine administration in sheep and goats is MOST concerning and requires careful monitoring?

Pulmonary edema, especially in sheep, potentially leading to respiratory distress. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian needs to reverse the effects of xylazine sedation in a goat. When considering alpha-2 reversal agents, which of the following represents the MOST appropriate route and dosage for atipamezole in goats based on the information provided?

Intramuscular administration at 0.025-0.05 mg/kg. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for diluting lidocaine 1:1 with sterile water or saline when performing local anesthesia in small ruminants, especially in smaller patients?

To minimize the risk of lidocaine toxicity by reducing the total dose administered in a concentrated form. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When considering NSAID therapy in sheep and goats, meloxicam is described as more COX-2 selective compared to flunixin meglumine. What is the MOST significant clinical implication of this difference in COX selectivity?

Meloxicam may have a reduced impact on platelet function and gastric mucosa compared to flunixin meglumine. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is formulating a pain management plan for a goat undergoing a painful surgical procedure. Considering the opioid analgesics discussed, which of the following statements regarding fentanyl patches in small ruminants is MOST accurate?

Fentanyl patches deliver a consistent dose of opioid over 72 hours, suitable for prolonged analgesia, but careful placement to prevent removal by the patient is crucial. (C) Signup and view all the answers

For 7-day-old goat kids undergoing disbudding, a specific drug protocol is outlined. Why is Clostridium perfringens Type C&D and Clostridium tetani toxoid (CD&T) vaccination included in this protocol?

To minimize the risk of secondary bacterial infections at the disbudding site, commonly caused by Clostridial species. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Ceftiofur sodium is listed as an antimicrobial for use in small ruminants. In which of the following clinical scenarios is the use of ceftiofur sodium at a higher dose (5 mg/kg IV BID) specifically indicated?

Management of severe septic disease processes in small ruminants. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Oxytetracycline is described for use in small ruminants. Which of the following disease conditions in sheep and goats is LEAST likely to be appropriately treated with oxytetracycline based on the provided information?

Internal parasitism caused by nematodes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Florfenicol (Nuflor) is presented as an antimicrobial option for small ruminants. In which of the following situations would florfenicol be MOST rationally considered over ceftiofur sodium for respiratory disease in goats?

For respiratory disease cases that have failed to respond to initial ceftiofur therapy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Tulathromycin (Draxxin) is an antimicrobial with a prolonged duration of action. What is a potential, though anecdotal, adverse effect associated with tulathromycin use in ruminants that veterinarians should be aware of?

Adverse effects on rumen microflora, potentially leading to digestive upset. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Tilmicosin (Micotil) is explicitly contraindicated for use in goats. What is the MOST critical reason for avoiding tilmicosin administration in goats?

Fatal reactions can occur in goats following tilmicosin administration. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Enrofloxacin (Baytril) use in food-producing animals is regulated. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the legal and appropriate use of enrofloxacin in minor species like goats in the United States?

Extra-label use of enrofloxacin in food-producing animals, including goats, is prohibited by federal law. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a post-operative pain management protocol following a surgical procedure in a sheep, a veterinarian administers flunixin meglumine IV pre-operatively and meloxicam post-operatively. What is the PRIMARY rationale for using two different NSAIDs with different administration timings in this scenario?

To provide preemptive analgesia with flunixin meglumine during surgery and sustained post-operative pain control with meloxicam. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When considering anthelmintic usage in small ruminants, what is the MOST critical principle regarding injectable or pour-on dewormers?

Injectable and pour-on dewormers should generally be avoided in small ruminants due to efficacy and residue concerns. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it specifically cautioned to avoid giving pour-on anthelmintic products orally to small ruminants?

Oral administration of pour-on products can lead to unpredictable pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity due to different excipients and concentrations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

For which specific benzimidazole anthelmintic is it cautioned to AVOID use of feed-through pellets in sheep and goats?

Fenbendazole suspension. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Albendazole suspension is a benzimidazole anthelmintic. During which specific stage of gestation in sheep and goats is albendazole administration contraindicated?

During the first trimester of pregnancy due to teratogenic potential. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Levamisole sheep drench is an anthelmintic option for small ruminants. What is the MOST critical consideration when using levamisole sheep drench in goats and sheep?

The narrow margin of safety, necessitating accurate weight determination for dosing. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided dewormer chart for goats, what is a key difference in anthelmintic dosing between goats and sheep that practitioners must consider?

Goats typically require 1.5-2 times the sheep dose of most anthelmintics to achieve comparable efficacy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

When using amprolium as a coccidiostat in goats, how does the required dosage compare to that in sheep or cattle?

Goats need a higher dose of amprolium (40-50 mg/kg) compared to sheep and cattle (10 mg/kg). (A) Signup and view all the answers

Toltrazuril is mentioned as a coccidiocidal drug. What is the primary legal constraint regarding the use of toltrazuril in small ruminants in the United States?

There is no approved animal formulation of toltrazuril legally available in the United States. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are small ruminants particularly prone to abomasal ulceration when stressed or hospitalized?

Stress and hospitalization commonly lead to increased gastric acid production and reduced mucosal protection in small ruminants. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Pantoprazole is recommended for treating abomasal ulcers in small ruminants. Which of the following represents the MOST appropriate route and frequency of pantoprazole administration for 3-5 days in goats based on the information provided?

Intravenous administration at 1 mg/kg SID. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Propylene glycol is used in small ruminant medicine, particularly in cases of pregnancy toxemia. What is the typical route of administration and daily dosage range for propylene glycol in small ruminants?

Oral administration at 30-60 mls per day. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Acepromazine and midazolam are listed as urinary drugs for small ruminants. What is their primary mechanism of action in managing urinary issues in these species?

They induce smooth muscle relaxation, decreasing urethral spasms and promoting relaxation of the sigmoid flexure in male ruminants. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Phenazopyridine is used as a urinary analgesic in small ruminants. What is a key consideration or question mark regarding its efficacy in these species, as indicated in the provided information?

Its uncertain efficacy as a bladder wall analgesic in ruminants. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Ammonium chloride is used as a urinary acidifier in small ruminants to manage urolithiasis. What is the rationale for pulse dosing ammonium chloride for long-term use?

To minimize the risk of systemic acidosis associated with chronic ammonium chloride administration. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug classes is CONTRAINDICATED for use in small ruminants with urinary issues, particularly urinary obstruction?

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists like xylazine. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In cases of mammary infections in small ruminants caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, what is the MOST commonly recommended management strategy?

Culling of affected animals from the herd due to poor treatment prognosis and contagiousness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of food animal veterinary medicine and considering AMDUCA and ELDU regulations, under which of the following specific scenarios is the compounding of drugs from bulk substances considered MOST ethically and legally justifiable for use in small ruminants?

When treating a rare disease in a small number of animals and no FDA-approved drug exists in the required dosage or formulation, and the compounded drug is medically necessary. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Following xylazine administration for sedation in a mature ewe, the animal develops acute respiratory distress characterized by increased respiratory rate and effort, and frothy nasal discharge. Which of the following physiological mechanisms BEST explains the sheep's heightened susceptibility to xylazine-induced pulmonary side effects compared to other ruminant species?

Sheep exhibit an exaggerated pulmonary vascular response to alpha-2 adrenergic agonists like xylazine, leading to increased pulmonary capillary pressure and fluid transudation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is formulating an anesthetic protocol for a pregnant goat undergoing an emergency cesarean section due to dystocia. Considering the known pharmacological effects of xylazine in small ruminants, what is the MOST significant physiological concern associated with xylazine use in this specific clinical scenario?

Xylazine-mediated decrease in placental blood flow, posing a risk of fetal hypoxia and acidosis, especially in compromised pregnancies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When treating coccidiosis in goat kids with amprolium, a thiamine analog, veterinary practitioners are advised to use a substantially higher dosage compared to sheep or cattle. Which of the following BEST explains the underlying pharmacological rationale for this elevated dosage requirement in goats?

Amprolium competitively inhibits thiamine uptake by both the parasite and the host; goats have a higher thiamine requirement and are more prone to polioencephalacia if thiamine is depleted. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a clinical scenario involving a neonatal goat kid with severe septicemia, a veterinarian opts for intravenous ceftiofur sodium at a higher dosage (5 mg/kg BID) than typically recommended for routine infections. What is the PRIMARY pharmacological justification for this escalated dosage regimen in severe sepsis?

To achieve rapidly higher peak plasma concentrations, maximizing the concentration-dependent killing of bacteria in a critical, life-threatening infection. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Considering both ceftiofur sodium and florfenicol as antimicrobial options for treating respiratory disease in sheep, in which of the following clinical scenarios would florfenicol (Nuflor) be MOST strategically chosen over ceftiofur sodium?

In a sheep with chronic, non-responsive pneumonia that has previously failed to improve with ceftiofur sodium treatment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A goat with obstructive urolithiasis is presented for veterinary care. Knowing that certain drug classes are contraindicated in small ruminants with urinary issues, what is the PRIMARY pharmacological rationale for avoiding the use of NSAIDs in this specific case?

NSAIDs reduce renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate through prostaglandin inhibition, potentially worsening renal function in obstructed animals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A dairy goat herd is experiencing an outbreak of mastitis, with culture results confirming Staphylococcus aureus as the causative agent in several chronic cases. Considering the management strategies for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in small ruminants, which approach is generally considered the MOST pragmatic and economically justifiable for managing chronically infected goats within the herd?

Implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures and culling of chronically infected animals to minimize further transmission and economic losses. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When advising a sheep producer on anthelmintic usage, particularly regarding injectable or pour-on dewormers, what is the MOST critical principle to emphasize concerning their route of administration in small ruminants?

Injectable and pour-on dewormers are generally contraindicated for internal parasite control in small ruminants due to poor efficacy and potential residue concerns; oral formulations are favored. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In managing copper toxicity in a goat, a veterinarian prescribes D-Penicillamine as a copper chelator. What is the MOST crucial aspect of the D-Penicillamine treatment regimen to ensure optimal therapeutic efficacy and minimize potential adverse effects in small ruminants?

Ensuring consistent daily administration of D-Penicillamine over a prolonged period (e.g., 6 days) to effectively chelate and remove accumulated copper. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is AMDUCA?

AMDUCA allows for the extra-label use of approved animal and human drugs by veterinarians under certain conditions.

VCPR Requirement for ELDU

A valid Veterinary Client Patient Relationship (VCPR) is required for extra-label drug use (ELDU).

Tolerance for non-approved drugs

There is a ZERO tolerance for non-approved drugs in small ruminants.

Medicated feeds for goats

Do not use medicated feeds labeled for other species (like cattle) in goats; goats have different metabolic rates and tolerances.