Pharmacology in Obesity

Implication: accumulation of fat-soluble drugs, leading to prolonged action and increased possibility of toxicity. Nursing interventions: Monitor for signs of drug interactions or toxicity, monitor blood levels of drugs.

Implication: higher drug plasma concentrations, leading to increased possibility of drug toxicity. Nursing interventions: Monitor blood levels of drugs, monitor laboratory values—albumin and prealbumin.

Implication: decreased rate of drug metabolism, leading to higher drug plasma concentrations and increased possibility of drug toxicity. Nursing interventions: Monitor for signs of drug interactions or toxicity, monitor blood levels of drugs, monitor laboratory values—hepatic enzymes.

<p>Implication: decreased excretion of drugs, leading to possible increased serum levels/toxicity. Nursing interventions: Monitor for signs of drug interactions or toxicity, particularly monitor NSAID use, monitor blood levels of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age-related changes: increased adipose tissue, decreased liver function, decreased kidney function, decreased protein-binding sites. Impact on nursing interventions: Monitor for signs of drug interactions or toxicity, monitor blood levels of drugs, monitor laboratory values (hepatic enzymes, albumin, and prealbumin).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Safe storage of medications is crucial to prevent accidental ingestion or overdose. This is important because medications can be harmful to children and pets if ingested, and proper storage can prevent such accidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using an appropriate measuring device, such as a liquid medication cup, oral syringe, or measuring spoon, is crucial to ensure accurate dosing. Not doing so can lead to under- or overdosing, which can have serious consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is important to discuss the difference between over-the-counter medications for infants and children with parents because they often have different strengths, leading to potential under- or overdosing. Failure to do so can result in medication errors and harm to the child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquid medications are readily absorbed and less likely to cause tube occlusions, making them a preferred choice for administering medications via a gastric tube. Not using liquid medications can lead to tube occlusions, which can compromise the patient's nutrition and medication regimen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrying a card with medication information can ensure that patients receive the correct medications and dosages in emergency situations, preventing medication errors. Not doing so can lead to medication errors, overdose, or underdose, which can have serious consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key factors include the type of medication, the patient's age and size, and the injection site. A larger needle gauge may be needed for thicker medications, while a smaller gauge may be more comfortable for pediatric patients. The correct selection of needle gauge is crucial to ensure safe medication administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The correct syringe size should be selected based on the volume of medication to be administered, taking into account the patient's age, size, and medical condition. Incorrect selection of syringe size can lead to inaccurate dosing, which can compromise patient safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The correct injection angle is critical to ensure the medication is delivered to the correct tissue depth and spread. Incorrect injection angle can lead to inaccurate dosing, reduced efficacy, and increased risk of adverse reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate medication measurement is crucial to ensure the correct dose is administered. Key considerations include using the correct measuring device, accounting for wastage, and ensuring accurate calculations. Measurement errors can lead to over- or under-dosing, which can compromise patient safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age-related changes, such as decreased gastric motility, muscle mass, acid production, and blood flow, can affect drug absorption and increase susceptibility to certain drug side effects. Nursing interventions should focus on careful monitoring and adjustment of medication regimens to account for these changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checking the label when reaching for the container, after retrieval from the drawer, and before giving the medication to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mode of action, purpose, side effects, contraindications, antagonist, safe dosage range, interactions, and precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that the medication is appropriate for the patient's diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure accuracy when administering medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The needle gauge affects the ease of injection and the patient's comfort level. A smaller gauge (e.g., 24-gauge) is used for intradermal and subcutaneous injections, while a larger gauge (e.g., 18-gauge) is used for intramuscular injections. A larger gauge may cause more discomfort and bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 1-mL syringe is used to administer medications in small amounts to ensure accuracy. The amount of medication is rounded to the 100th decimal place in 1-mL syringes, while in larger syringes, it is rounded to the 10th decimal place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The angles of insertion for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections are 90°, 90°, and 5-15°, respectively. Proper angle is crucial to ensure the medication is delivered to the correct tissue, avoiding adverse reactions and ineffective treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased gastric motility and increased gastric pH in older adults can lead to stomach irritation, nausea, and vomiting. Decreased lean body mass and total body water can cause decreased distribution of water-soluble drugs, leading to higher plasma concentrations and an increased risk of drug toxicity. Nursing interventions should include assessing for symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort, monitoring blood levels of drugs, and adjusting medication dosages accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the syringe should be selected based on the amount of medication to be administered. If the amount is less than 1 mL, a 1-mL syringe is used, and if the amount is less than 3 mL, a 3-mL syringe is used. The size of the syringe affects the administration process, as larger syringes may require more force to deploy the plunger, leading to awkward movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring laboratory values is crucial in older adults as they are prone to alterations in normal homeostatic responses, which can lead to exacerbated responses to cardiovascular drugs and increased risk of hypotension. Alterations in laboratory values can indicate changes in renal function, which can affect the metabolism and elimination of drugs, leading to increased risk of drug interactions and toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The enhanced central nervous system penetration of fat-soluble drugs in older adults can increase the possibility of alterations in mental status, dizziness, and gait disturbances. This can lead to increased risk of falls, altered neurologic status, and potential drug interactions or toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring vital signs and pulse oximetry is crucial in older adults as they are more susceptible to changes in cardiovascular function, which can affect their response to medications. Changes in vital signs and pulse oximetry can indicate potential drug interactions or toxicity, and prompt monitoring can help prevent adverse reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decreased production of oral secretions in older adults can make it difficult for them to swallow oral medications, particularly tablets and capsules. This can lead to issues with medication adherence and potential drug interactions or toxicity. Healthcare providers may need to discuss alternative forms of medications, such as crushed or liquid forms, with the prescribing practitioner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring the effectiveness of transdermal preparations is crucial in older adults as changes in skin lipid content can affect the absorption of these medications. Decreased lipid content in skin can lead to a possible decrease in the absorption of transdermal medications, which can impact their efficacy and potential interactions with other medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having a 'tea party' with medicine cups can be used to administer medications to children, and the purpose is to make the experience more enjoyable and less intimidating for the child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plastic caps on the end of syringes should be removed and disposed of before giving syringes to patients or families, and it is important because the FDA has received reports of infants choking on these caps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pharmacist can substitute a cap that is easier to open, or a rubber band can be twisted around the cap to provide a more secure grip, and it is helpful because it allows elderly patients to access their medications more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiologic changes associated with aging, such as decreased gastric motility, muscle mass, acid production, and blood flow, can affect patient's response to medication, including drug absorption and increased risk of adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large-print written information should be considered when necessary, and it is important because it can improve medication adherence and understanding in elderly patients with visual impairments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The benefit of using 'oral use' syringes without caps is that they eliminate the risk of infants choking on the caps, and they are manufactured to address the safety concerns raised by the FDA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'tea party' approach can benefit children by making medication administration more enjoyable and less intimidating, and the underlying principle is that a positive experience can reduce anxiety and improve medication adherence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reporting problems with syringe caps to the FDA is significant because it allows the FDA to monitor and address safety concerns, and it is important because it can lead to improvements in medication safety and prevent accidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The benefit of using a special treat or reward after medication administration is that it can motivate children to take their medications, and it is effective because it provides a positive association with the experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering physiologic changes associated with aging is important because it can impact the efficacy and safety of medications, and the potential consequence of not doing so is an increased risk of adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers