Pharmacology in Nursing
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Questions and Answers

What is a common contraindication for oral drug administration?

  • Severe headache
  • Vomiting (correct)
  • Mild fever
  • Dry throat

Which of the following actions is considered unsafe when administering oral medications?

  • Crushing chewable tablets
  • Giving sublingual medications orally (correct)
  • Splitting scored tablets
  • Mixing open capsules with food

Which type of medication can be crushed safely?

  • Sustained-release tablets
  • Buccal tablets
  • Chewable medications (correct)
  • Enteric-coated tablets

How should medication ideally be administered to a child under 3 years old?

<p>Pull the pinna downward and backward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a safe action regarding the handling of tablets?

<p>Splitting scored tablets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of pharmacokinetics, which form of drug absorbs fastest in the body?

<p>Liquids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caution should be taken when administering oral drugs for a patient who is NPO?

<p>Administer sublingual medications if appropriate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an unsafe way to administer oral medications?

<p>Crushing gel-coated tablets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of drug action when taken orally?

<p>Pharmaceutics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of a drug from the bloodstream into body tissues?

<p>Distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are drugs typically excreted from the body?

<p>Via kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect drug distribution?

<p>Time of day administered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the chemical change a drug undergoes to enable its excretion?

<p>Metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacodynamics, what does drug efficacy refer to?

<p>The ability to activate a receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'therapeutic index' signify?

<p>The safety margin of a drug's dosage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can influence the speed of drug metabolism?

<p>Genetics and liver health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of enteric-coated drugs?

<p>To resist disintegration in gastric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy to move drugs across cell membranes?

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do excipients play in tablet formulation?

<p>Control drug disintegration and release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a narrow therapeutic index drug?

<p>Warfarin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action of a drug?

<p>Length of time the drug exerts effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacology primarily the study of?

<p>The interaction of drugs with living organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the unwanted or unintended effects of a medication?

<p>Side effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an adverse effect?

<p>A severe and potentially life-threatening reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is drug toxicity primarily a result of?

<p>Overdosage of medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is drug allergy characterized by?

<p>Immunologic reaction to a drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug name is a nonproprietary name approved by medical associations?

<p>Generic name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FDA is responsible for which of the following?

<p>Regulating food and drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Republic Act No. 7394 focus on?

<p>Consumer protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when using a transdermal patch?

<p>Movement or wrinkling of the patch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about drug tolerance is true?

<p>It occurs in people with a low physiologic response to a drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of therapeutic effect?

<p>It is the desired effect intended by the drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mode of action (MoA) refer to in pharmacology?

<p>Physiological change caused by a drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act is known as the Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs in the Philippines?

<p>Republic Act No. 8203 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical name in pharmacology?

<p>A name describing the atomic or chemical structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of antitussive drugs?

<p>Suppress the cough reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of nonnarcotic antitussives?

<p>Numbing stretch receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is primarily used to increase bronchial dilation?

<p>Bronchodilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sympathomimetics primarily used for in respiratory therapy?

<p>Dilating bronchioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of xanthine derivatives?

<p>Gastrointestinal distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication blocks the action of acetylcholine in the respiratory tract?

<p>Anticholinergics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs work primarily by inhibiting MAO enzymes?

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common characteristic of corticosteroids?

<p>Have anti-inflammatory effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with the use of anesthetics like propofol?

<p>Respiratory depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In treating asthma, SABA are used primarily for which purpose?

<p>Rescue during acute attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is not used as an antitussive?

<p>Bronchodilators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action does glucocorticoids utilize?

<p>Reduce inflammatory substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of antidepressants classified as SSRIs?

<p>Increasing serotonin availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using osmotic laxatives?

<p>Promote water retention in the bowel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

Side effect

An effect of a drug other than the intended therapeutic effect, can be both helpful and harmful.

Adverse effect

Harmful and undesirable effects of a drug.

Drug toxicity

Harmful effects resulting from excessive drug dosage.

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Drug allergy

An immune response to a drug.

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Drug tolerance

Reduced effectiveness of a drug when taken repeatedly.

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Generic name

The official, non-proprietary name of a drug.

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Brand name

The manufacturer's name for a drug.

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Chemical name

A drug's description based on its chemical structure.

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Mechanism of Action (MOA)

Describes how a drug interacts with the body at a molecular level.

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Therapeutic effect

The desired effect of a drug.

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Liquid Medication Mixing

Instructions on how to correctly mix liquid medication before administration.

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Transdermal patch

A medication delivery method using a patch on the skin.

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FDA

Food and Drug Administration; a regulatory body for medications.

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Drug Regulation

The control of the production, sale, and use of medications.

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Oral Medication Administration

Giving medicine by mouth.

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Crushing Tablets/Capsules

Breaking down solid medications into smaller pieces for easier swallowing.

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Sustained-Release Medications

Medications designed to release medicine slowly over a longer period.

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Enteric-Coated Tablets

Medications coated to protect the stomach from the medicine.

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Sublingual Medications

Medications placed under the tongue to dissolve and absorb into the bloodstream.

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Drug Administration Contraindications

Conditions in which giving a medication is not safe or effective.

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Ears Medication Administration (Adults)

Ears medication administration technique for adults.

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Ears Medication Administration (Children)

Ears medication administration technique for children.

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Pharmaceutics Phase

The initial phase of drug action where the drug dissolves and breaks down into smaller particles in the GI tract. It's the first step for the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Pharmacokinetic Phase

The movement of the drug throughout the body, involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Pharmacodynamic Phase

The study of how drugs affect the body, including their interactions with receptors and the resulting effects.

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Enteric Coated Drugs

Drugs coated with a special layer that prevents them from dissolving in stomach acid, releasing them in the intestines.

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Disintegration

The process of breaking down a drug into smaller parts, as it starts to dissolve.

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Dissolution

The process of further breaking down the drug into smaller particles, as it dissolves in the GI tract.

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Absorption

The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.

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Distribution

The movement of the drug from the bloodstream to body tissues and fluids.

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Metabolism

The process of chemically changing the drug, usually in the liver, making it easier to excrete.

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Excretion

The removal of the drug from the body, primarily through the kidneys as urine.

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Protein Binding

The attachment of a drug to proteins in the bloodstream, affecting its distribution.

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Drug Half-Life

The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by half.

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Drug Affinity

The attraction between a drug and its receptor.

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Drug Efficacy

The ability of a drug to activate its receptor and produce the desired effect.

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Drug Potency

The amount of drug needed to produce a desired effect.

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Antitussive

A medication used to suppress the cough reflex.

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Antihistamines

Drugs that block histamine receptors, reducing allergic reactions.

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What are H1 receptors and where are they found?

H1 receptors are found in the lungs. They are responsible for bronchoconstriction when histamine binds to them.

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What are H2 receptors and where are they found?

H2 receptors are found in the stomach and influence gastric acid secretion.

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Decongestants

Drugs that reduce nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels.

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Bronchodilators

Medications that widen the airways in the lungs, making breathing easier.

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Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators

Drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to bronchodilation.

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Methylxanthines

A class of bronchodilators that include theophylline and aminophylline.

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Anticholinergic Bronchodilators

Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation.

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Glucocorticoids

Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids used to decrease inflammation and swelling in the airways.

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Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

Drugs that block leukotrienes, substances that contribute to asthma symptoms.

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Amphetamines

CNS stimulants that increase alertness and energy.

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Anorexiants

Drugs that suppress appetite by acting on the hypothalamus.

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Analeptics

CNS stimulants that act on the cerebral cortex and medulla, used primarily for respiratory stimulation.

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Sedative-Hypnotics

Drugs that depress the CNS, producing calmness and inducing sleep.

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Study Notes

Less is More

  • Simple design concept
  • Minimalist aesthetic

Pharmacology in Nursing

  • Pharmacology: Study of drugs and their effects on living organisms
  • Basic Concepts: Drugs alter physiological processes, can stimulate or inhibit normal cellular function
  • Drug Classification:
    • Chemical structure (atomic arrangement)
    • Mechanism of action (interaction with target)
    • Mode of action (functional or anatomical change)
    • Indication (intended use)
  • Drug Names:
    • Generic/nonproprietary (approved by associations)
    • Brand/trade (manufacturer's name)
    • Chemical (describes atomic or molecular structure)
  • Drug Action:
    • Therapeutic effect (desired effect)
    • Side effect (secondary unintended effects)
    • Adverse effect (harmful, undesirable, severe)
    • Drug toxicity (harmful due to overdose)
    • Drug allergy (immunologic reaction)
    • Drug tolerance (reduced response over time)
  • Drug Regulation and Mandates:
    • FDA (Food and Drug Administration): licenses, monitors food, drugs, and cosmetics.
    • Republic Act No. 3720, 7394, 8203, 9165: Government regulations and mandates. Covers food, drugs, cosmetics and safety and efficacy standards.

Drug Administration

  • Common Routes: Oral, contraindications includes vomiting, gastric suctioning, unconscious, or inability to swallow.
  • Unsafe Practices: Crushing enteric coated or coated tablets
  • Safe Practices: Use manufacturer's instructions
  • Oral Medication: Administering tablets, capsules

Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmaceutics phase: solid form dissolves to form a liquid form (disintegration and dissolution)
  • Pharmacokinetics phase: a. Absorption (drug enters bloodstream), b. Distribution (drug gets to target site), c. Metabolism (transformation/breakdown in body), and d. Excretion (removal from body).
  • Factors affecting dissolution: form, gastric pH, age
  • Absorption: physiological (blood flow, time, area) and physic-chemical (solubility, stability)
  • Passive transport: diffusion and facilitated diffusion
  • Metabolism: biotransformation, liver and cytochrome P450 enzyme, influences drug half-life
  • Drug Half-life: amount of drug eliminated and duration of elimination
  • Drug Excretion: removal of drug, through urine
  • Drug Toxicity: harmfulness due to overdosage

Pharmacodynamics

  • Phase: study of drug action on body, Mimicking body's own chemicals
  • Dose-response Relationship: Drug affinity (binding to receptor), efficacy (response), and potency (dose needed).
  • Factors affecting biotransformation: genetic disposition, liver disease, age (infants and elders), environmental stressors
  • Drug Excretion: Drug removal from body, mainly through kidneys

Therapeutic Index

  • Therapeutic Index: Ratio of toxic dose (TD50) to effective dose (ED50)
  • Narrow therapeutic index drugs: Careful monitoring, e.g., carbamazepine, warfarin.
  • Wide therapeutic index drugs: Generally safer, e.g., acetaminophen

Respiratory Agents

  • Respiratory disorders: Upper (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, lungs)
  • Drugs for upper respiratory disorders: Antihistamines (H1 blockers) and decongestants (sympathomimetic amines).
  • Drugs for lower respiratory disorders: Bronchodilators(sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, Anticholinergics) and Expectorants

Nervous System Agents

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain, spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems.
  • CNS stimulants: Amphetamines, anorexiants, analeptics
  • CNS depressants: Sedative-hypnotics, anesthetics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, antidepressants

Gastrointestinal Agents

  • Vomiting (emesis): Antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, serotonin receptor antagonist
  • Diarrhea: Drugs to stop severity of diarrheal disorders (e.g., osmotic, bulk-forming).
  • Laxatives: Bulk-forming, surfactant, stimulant/contact, osmotic laxatives
  • Peptic Ulcer Treatment: Antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants

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Pharmacology in Nursing PDF

Description

Explore the essential concepts of pharmacology relevant to nursing. This quiz covers drug classifications, actions, names, and regulatory aspects. Test your knowledge on how drugs interact with living organisms and their physiological effects.

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