Pharmacology II: Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
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Questions and Answers

What is the benefit of taking medication with a meal?

  • It minimizes discomfort (correct)
  • It increases the risk of hypoglycemia
  • It stimulates insulin secretion
  • It slows carbohydrate absorption

    • What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

  • They slow carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine
  • They increase insulin resistance
  • They stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin (correct)
  • They reduce insulin secretion

    • Why must patients taking sulfonylureas be counseled about hypoglycemia?

  • Because they can cause kidney disease
  • Because they can cause flatulence
  • Because they can cause liver disease
  • Because they can cause hypoglycemia (correct)

    • In which patients are sulfonylureas contraindicated?

    <p>Patients with advanced kidney or liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>They slow carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Flatulence, bloating, abdominal discomfort, or diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Liver, muscle, and fat tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial response of the body to insulin resistance?

    <p>To increase insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on hepatic glucose production?

    <p>It reduces hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of metformin therapy in terms of insulin levels?

    <p>It does not affect insulin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of metformin therapy?

    <p>Abdominal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients treated with metformin monotherapy face little risk of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Because metformin has no effect on β-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on carbohydrate absorption?

    <p>They slow down carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why patients taking α-glucosidase inhibitors require treatment with glucose during hypoglycemia?

    <p>Because foods containing complex carbohydrates are ineffective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of incretins in the body?

    <p>To stimulate the production of insulin when it is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on weight loss?

    <p>They help with weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DPP-4 in the body?

    <p>To destroy a group of gastrointestinal hormones called incretins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Higher rates of pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is an example of a DPP-4 inhibitor?

    <p>Sitagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of incretins on glucagon production?

    <p>They reduce the production of glucagon when it is not needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose levels, especially after meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on pancreatic β-cells?

    <p>It has no effect on insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients with type 2 diabetes experience hunger despite high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Their cells are not receiving enough fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of biguanides like metformin?

    <p>Preventing the liver from converting fats and amino acids into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of metformin therapy?

    <p>Abdominal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why metformin is effective in normalizing blood glucose levels?

    <p>It reduces hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sulfonylureas on the pancreas?

    <p>To stimulate insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of action of α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sulfonylureas contraindicated in patients with advanced kidney or liver disease?

    <p>Because they can exacerbate existing kidney or liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset of action of sulfonylureas?

    <p>Quick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients taking sulfonylureas be counseled about?

    <p>The signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why foods containing complex carbohydrates are ineffective in treating hypoglycemia in patients taking α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Because α-glucosidase inhibitors slow carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of incretins on insulin and glucagon production?

    <p>They stimulate insulin production and decrease glucagon production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of DPP-4 inhibitors on gastrointestinal hormones?

    <p>They destroy a group of gastrointestinal hormones called incretins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on the body's carbohydrate absorption?

    <p>They slow carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are DPP-4 inhibitors associated with higher rates of pancreatitis?

    <p>Because they are linked to higher rates of pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of incretins on digestion?

    <p>They slow down digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on appetite?

    <p>They decrease appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment required for patients who develop hypoglycemia while taking α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Treatment with glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Liver, muscle, and fat tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on the body's fuel supply?

    <p>Decreases glucose levels in the body's cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metformin in improving insulin sensitivity?

    <p>It enhances insulin sensitivity in muscle, fat, and liver tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients with type 2 diabetes experience hunger despite high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Because the body's cells are not receiving enough fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which metformin reduces hepatic glucose production?

    <p>By preventing the liver from converting fats and amino-acids into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of metformin therapy in terms of hypoglycemia risk?

    <p>It decreases the risk of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in the body?

    <p>Stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Flatulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients taking sulfonylureas be cautious when skipping or delaying meals?

    <p>To minimize the risk of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of sulfonylureas in terms of their onset of action?

    <p>They have a quick onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients are sulfonylureas contraindicated?

    <p>Patients with advanced kidney or liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on the body's glucose levels?

    <p>They slow carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Slowing carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Reducing DPP-4 enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are DPP-4 inhibitors linked with weight loss?

    <p>They slow digestion and decrease appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment required for patients who develop hypoglycemia while taking α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Glucose tablets or gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of incretins in the body?

    <p>Stimulating insulin production and reducing glucagon production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of DPP-4 enzyme activity?

    <p>Destruction of incretins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on blood glucose levels?

    <p>No effect on blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary response of the body to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Boosted insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which metformin acts to improve insulin action?

    <p>Preventing the liver from converting fats and amino-acids into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients with type 2 diabetes experience hunger despite high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Because the body cells don't receive enough fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of metformin therapy?

    <p>Abdominal discomfort, stomach upset, diarrhea, anorexia, and stomach fullness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Increased blood glucose levels, especially after meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on pancreatic β-cells?

    <p>Has no effect on insulin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of taking sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>They stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why patients taking sulfonylureas should be cautious when skipping or delaying meals?

    <p>They may develop hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on the body?

    <p>They slow down carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sulfonylureas contraindicated in patients with advanced kidney or liver disease?

    <p>They may be metabolized improperly in these patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of taking α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Flatulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of sulfonylureas in terms of their onset of action?

    <p>They have a quick onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on carbohydrate absorption?

    <p>Decrease carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DPP-4 in the body?

    <p>Destroy incretins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on insulin and glucagon production?

    <p>Increase insulin production and decrease glucagon production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are DPP-4 inhibitors linked with weight loss?

    <p>Because they slow down digestion and decrease appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Have no direct effect on blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why foods containing complex carbohydrates are ineffective in treating hypoglycemia in patients taking α-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Because α-glucosidase inhibitors slow down carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of incretins on digestion?

    <p>Slow down digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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