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Questions and Answers
State the difference between hypoventilation and hyperventilation in terms of breathing rate.
State the difference between hypoventilation and hyperventilation in terms of breathing rate.
Hypoventilation involves breathing slow, while hyperventilation involves breathing fast.
What does hypoxia refer to?
What does hypoxia refer to?
Impaired valvular function can affect a patient's breathing.
Impaired valvular function can affect a patient's breathing.
True
Myocardial ischemia is caused by dead tissue in the heart due to a lack of ________.
Myocardial ischemia is caused by dead tissue in the heart due to a lack of ________.
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What is the primary purpose of pharmacokinetics in the body?
What is the primary purpose of pharmacokinetics in the body?
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Define what 'Enteral' and 'Parenteral' routes refer to in drug absorption.
Define what 'Enteral' and 'Parenteral' routes refer to in drug absorption.
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Metabolism of drugs involves chemical alterations to facilitate their removal from the body.
Metabolism of drugs involves chemical alterations to facilitate their removal from the body.
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Drugs are primarily excreted from the body through the _________ system.
Drugs are primarily excreted from the body through the _________ system.
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Match the following drug response terms with their definitions:
Match the following drug response terms with their definitions:
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What is the term for breathing slow?
What is the term for breathing slow?
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What does hypoxemia refer to?
What does hypoxemia refer to?
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What is ischemia?
What is ischemia?
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Elderly individuals and babies are not affected by age when it comes to oxygenation.
Elderly individuals and babies are not affected by age when it comes to oxygenation.
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______ is the term used for oxygen saturation on a pulse oximeter.
______ is the term used for oxygen saturation on a pulse oximeter.
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What are the three main names used to identify a drug according to the context provided?
What are the three main names used to identify a drug according to the context provided?
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IV administration is known for its rapid onset and immediate absorption into the bloodstream.
IV administration is known for its rapid onset and immediate absorption into the bloodstream.
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What is the primary site for almost all drug excretion in the body?
What is the primary site for almost all drug excretion in the body?
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Dissolution rate affects the _______ of a drug.
Dissolution rate affects the _______ of a drug.
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Match the drug administration route with its characteristics:
Match the drug administration route with its characteristics:
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Study Notes
Foundations of Medications
- Medication Administration: Give the right drug to the right patient in the right dose by the right route at the right time.
Chemical, Generic, and Trade/Brand Names
- Chemical Name: Describes the molecular structure (e.g., Acetylsalicylic acid)
- Generic Name: Name given by the manufacturer (e.g., aspirin)
- Trade/Brand Name: Name marketed by the manufacturer (e.g., Bayer)
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: Movement of drugs into the bloodstream through various routes (e.g., IV, PO, IM, SQ)
- Distribution: Movement of drugs from the bloodstream to tissues and cells
- Metabolism: Breaking down of drugs in the body
- Excretion: Elimination of drugs from the body
Absorption Routes
IV (Intravenous)
- Advantages: No barriers, instantaneous absorption, rapid onset (15-30 minutes), and can give large fluid volumes
- Disadvantages: Requires special training, expensive, irreversible, and risks embolism and blood clotting
IM (Intramuscular) and SQ (Subcutaneous)
- Advantages: Minimal barriers, rapid or slow absorption, and can administer depot drugs for long-term absorption
- Disadvantages: Painful, inconvenient, volume limits, and not suitable for patients on anticoagulant therapy
PO (Oral)
- Advantages: Convenient, safer, easy, and retrievable in cases of overdose
- Disadvantages: Highly variable absorption, affected by food, gastric emptying, and pH levels
Distribution
- Factors Affecting Distribution: Blood flow, surface area, and lipid solubility
- Blood-Brain Barrier: Tight junctures in the brain limit drug distribution
- Metabolism: Chemical alteration of drugs in the body
Metabolism
- First-Pass Effect: Inactivation of oral drugs through liver metabolism
- Prodrugs: Creation of drugs through metabolism
- Nutritional Status: Effects of malnutrition on metabolic enzymes
- Age: Effects of age on metabolism
- Competition between drugs: Interactions between multiple drugs
Excretion
- Renal Excretion: Majority of drug elimination occurs in the kidneys
- Non-Renal Excretion: Drug elimination through bile, breast milk, sweat, and saliva
Drug Response
- Onset: Time it takes for a drug to produce a response
- Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC): Plasma drug level required for a therapeutic effect
- Therapeutic Effect: Expected response caused by a drug
- Peak: Highest plasma drug level
- Trough: Lowest plasma drug level
- Duration: Time the drug is present in the system at a concentration high enough for a response
- Plateau: Steady drug level after repeated doses
- Toxic Concentration: Level at which toxic effects occur
Time Course of Drug Responses
- Half-Life: Time for the drug concentration to decrease by 50%
- Loading Dose: Initial large dose to quickly achieve a therapeutic effect
- Maintenance Dose: Repeated doses to maintain a therapeutic level
Foundations of Medications
- Medication Administration: Give the right drug to the right patient in the right dose by the right route at the right time.
Chemical, Generic, and Trade/Brand Names
- Chemical Name: Describes the molecular structure (e.g., Acetylsalicylic acid)
- Generic Name: Name given by the manufacturer (e.g., aspirin)
- Trade/Brand Name: Name marketed by the manufacturer (e.g., Bayer)
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: Movement of drugs into the bloodstream through various routes (e.g., IV, PO, IM, SQ)
- Distribution: Movement of drugs from the bloodstream to tissues and cells
- Metabolism: Breaking down of drugs in the body
- Excretion: Elimination of drugs from the body
Absorption Routes
IV (Intravenous)
- Advantages: No barriers, instantaneous absorption, rapid onset (15-30 minutes), and can give large fluid volumes
- Disadvantages: Requires special training, expensive, irreversible, and risks embolism and blood clotting
IM (Intramuscular) and SQ (Subcutaneous)
- Advantages: Minimal barriers, rapid or slow absorption, and can administer depot drugs for long-term absorption
- Disadvantages: Painful, inconvenient, volume limits, and not suitable for patients on anticoagulant therapy
PO (Oral)
- Advantages: Convenient, safer, easy, and retrievable in cases of overdose
- Disadvantages: Highly variable absorption, affected by food, gastric emptying, and pH levels
Distribution
- Factors Affecting Distribution: Blood flow, surface area, and lipid solubility
- Blood-Brain Barrier: Tight junctures in the brain limit drug distribution
- Metabolism: Chemical alteration of drugs in the body
Metabolism
- First-Pass Effect: Inactivation of oral drugs through liver metabolism
- Prodrugs: Creation of drugs through metabolism
- Nutritional Status: Effects of malnutrition on metabolic enzymes
- Age: Effects of age on metabolism
- Competition between drugs: Interactions between multiple drugs
Excretion
- Renal Excretion: Majority of drug elimination occurs in the kidneys
- Non-Renal Excretion: Drug elimination through bile, breast milk, sweat, and saliva
Drug Response
- Onset: Time it takes for a drug to produce a response
- Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC): Plasma drug level required for a therapeutic effect
- Therapeutic Effect: Expected response caused by a drug
- Peak: Highest plasma drug level
- Trough: Lowest plasma drug level
- Duration: Time the drug is present in the system at a concentration high enough for a response
- Plateau: Steady drug level after repeated doses
- Toxic Concentration: Level at which toxic effects occur
Time Course of Drug Responses
- Half-Life: Time for the drug concentration to decrease by 50%
- Loading Dose: Initial large dose to quickly achieve a therapeutic effect
- Maintenance Dose: Repeated doses to maintain a therapeutic level
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Description
Learn about the basics of pharmacology, including the types of drug names, pharmacokinetics, and the importance of correct administration. Understand the differences between chemical, generic, and trade names, and how drugs move through the body.
