Pharmacology for EMS Week 2: Homeostasis

<p>Physiological processes fluctuate yet stabilize (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control systems including feedback mechanisms, reflexes, hormones, and others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By requiring exogenous interventions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may undergo temporary or permanent structural alteration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH = -log [H+] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher hydrogen ion concentration correlates with lower pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH 7.0 - 7.2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule that releases protons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform distribution of solute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis specifically moves water from low to high solute concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnitude of concentration difference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constant movement of ions maintaining balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to the concentration and movement of ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It only permits the movement of water while blocking solutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications in molecular pathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must be balanced to achieve equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>280 mOsmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may lyse and shrivel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measure of solute concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To actively transport ions into and out of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can lead to cellular damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no net movement of water or molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitated transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong acids completely dissociate into ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess polar bonds and/or ionized groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents excessive responses to changes in homeostasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to changes in functional characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily contain electrically neutral covalent bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their activity is optimal within narrow pH ranges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause significant changes in molecular interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain physiological properties within a narrow optimum range (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It amplifies the original stimulus without a clear termination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase blood glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glucose uptake by cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uterine contractions during labor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Physiological factors (like glucose, oxygen, pH) that need to stay within a specific range for healthy cellular function.

Homeostatic variables fluctuate within a narrow range, but are not perfectly constant over time.

Extracellular fluid (outside cells) and intracellular fluid (inside cells), have different concentration gradients for maintaining homeostasis.

Controlled by feedback mechanisms, reflexes, hormones, and chemical messengers to maintain the internal environment.

The appropriate functioning of cells, dependent upon the stable range of variables.

Disruption of balance in one variable, potentially causing subsequent changes in other physiological variables.

Exogenously intervening with the body's homeostatic and feedback mechanisms to treat an illness or an injury.

The state of balance within a cell.

Difference in energy between substances across a membrane.

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Speed of molecule movement due to concentration difference.

Membrane allowing some molecules to pass through but not others.

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Continuous movement with no net change.

Difference in concentration of a substance.

The movement of molecules into and out of cells.

A stable state where there's no net movement of water or molecules across cell membranes (in normal resting conditions).

Measure of solute concentration in a solution.

Approximately 280 mOsmol/L.

A solution with a higher solute concentration than inside the cell.

A solution with a lower solute concentration than inside the cell.

A solution with the same solute concentration as inside the cell.

The complex structure of proteins can be easily altered by heat and extreme pH levels, leading to temporary or permanent structural changes.

Proteins play a role in all bodily processes, often functioning as enzymes.

The acidity of a solution is determined by the concentration of free hydrogen ions. Higher hydrogen ion concentration means higher acidity.

pH = -log [H+]. A lower pH indicates higher acidity, while a higher pH indicates lower acidity.

A hydrogen ion is a single proton, formed when a hydrogen atom loses an electron.

A weak acid that dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in solution. This process is reversible.

A negatively charged ion (HCO3-) that acts as a proton acceptor, playing a crucial role in pH regulation.

A substance that completely ionizes in solution, releasing a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).

A substance that only partially ionizes in solution, releasing a low concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).

Molecules attracted to water due to their polar bonds or ionized groups, allowing them to dissolve.

Molecules repelled by water due to their nonpolar nature, consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen with neutral covalent bonds.

A regulatory mechanism where the product of a process inhibits further production, preventing excessive responses.

Enzymes are highly sensitive to pH changes and function optimally within a narrow pH range.

A mechanism where the product or response of a process amplifies its own production, causing a rapid change.

A hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage.

A hormone that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glucose release from storage.

The process of childbirth, involving positive feedback loops for uterine contractions.

A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during labor, enhancing the process.

The amount of medication given to a patient, tailored to their needs.

A reason why a medication should not be given, due to potential risks or incompatibility.