Pharmacology Exam Success Tips
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for ipratropium (Atrovent)?

  • Increases mucus production
  • Blocks muscarinic receptors in the bronchi (correct)
  • Inhibits glucocorticoids
  • Activates B2 receptors

Which medication should be avoided if creatinine clearance is below 1?

  • Tiotropium
  • Albuterol
  • Phenytoin (correct)
  • Theophylline

What is a potential adverse effect of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs)?

  • Blurred vision (correct)
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Weight gain

Which test is required to confirm a diagnosis of COPD?

<p>FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common counseling point for patients using short-acting anticholinergics?

<p>Use sugarless hard candy for dry mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) is accurate?

<p>They activate B2 receptors to induce bronchodilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test could be helpful in diagnosing asthma?

<p>Eosinophils and IgE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates COPD from asthma in terms of diagnosis and assessment?

<p>COPD diagnosis requires spirometry testing for airway obstruction, asthma does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is considered a first-generation cephalosporin and suitable for surgical prophylaxis?

<p>Cephalexin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antimicrobials is indicated for infections caused by gram-positive bacteria only?

<p>Vancomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of Carbapenem antibiotics such as imipenem?

<p>Superinfection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is contraindicated in children due to potential adverse effects?

<p>Tetracyclines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be a significant contraindication for using Vancomycin?

<p>Renal impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication combination is included in the bismuth quadruple therapy for peptic ulcer disease?

<p>PPI, bismuth subcitrate, tetracycline, metronidazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary aggressive factor in the development of peptic ulcers?

<p>H. pylori (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT included in the levo triple therapy for H. pylori?

<p>Ciprofloxacin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin levels should be monitored when prescribing antiulcer medications?

<p>B12, Mg, Ca (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between laxative effect and catharsis?

<p>Laxative effect leads to partial evacuation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a contraindication for prescribing PPIs?

<p>Diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended medication for preventing constipation in a patient who is bed bound?

<p>Colace (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when prescribing gastrointestinal medications to older adults?

<p>Risk of dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated for the initial treatment of asthma?

<p>Inhaled glucocorticoids (ICS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are narrow-spectrum drugs generally preferred over broad-spectrum drugs?

<p>They provide more effective treatment for sensitive organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group in COPD management is prescribed a bronchodilator?

<p>Group A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a chronic cough in COPD?

<p>Can result in excessive sputum production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern when using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

<p>They can lead to increased drug resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before starting an antibiotic in an urgent situation?

<p>Obtain a culture for organism identification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is not recommended as monotherapy in asthma management?

<p>Long-acting beta agonist (LABA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is PCR testing significant in antimicrobial drug selection?

<p>It provides rapid identification of specific pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does poorly controlled asthma affect children compared to the use of ICS?

<p>May slow growth in children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically associated with the prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs?

<p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing COPD, what is a recommended treatment for a patient with 2+ moderate exacerbations leading to hospitalization?

<p>LABA + LAMA + ICS if eosinophil count &gt;300 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhaled glucocorticoids in the treatment of COPD?

<p>Only for acute exacerbations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Amoxicillin (Moxatag)?

<p>Broad-spectrum treatment for certain bacterial infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a possible result of microbial drug resistance?

<p>Higher incidence of treatment failures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does not contribute to airway restriction in asthma and COPD?

<p>Poor exercise tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT need to be considered when selecting an antimicrobial drug?

<p>Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of PEG plus electrolytes (ELS) compared to sodium phosphate products?

<p>They are isotonic with body fluids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patient conditions should avoid sodium phosphate products?

<p>Electrolyte abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property differentiates broad-spectrum antibiotics from narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

<p>They target a wide variety of microorganisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with scopolamine use?

<p>Blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is characterized by a thick cell wall and retains a purple stain?

<p>Gram-positive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial shape description corresponds to clusters of circles?

<p>Staphylococci (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the classification of an antibiotic as narrow-spectrum?

<p>Effective for only one specific pathogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the naming format 'N.gonorrhoeae' indicate?

<p>The genus is Neisseria and it belongs to the species gonorrhoeae. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

COPD Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) requires spirometry testing showing a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.7.

COPD and Asthma Diagnosis

COPD is diagnosed using spirometry, while asthma may also involve checking eosinophils and IgE levels, if they are high, it suggests asthma.

Short Acting Anticholinergic

ipratropium (Atrovent) blocks muscarinic receptors in the bronchi, reducing bronchoconstriction, used for COPD and asthma.

Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist

Tiotropium (Spiriva) is a long-acting anticholinergic, blocking muscarinic receptors improving COPD management.

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Short Acting B2 Agonists

Albuterol (Proair) is a quick-relief medication activating B2 receptors for bronchodilation.

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Long Acting B2 Agonists

Salmeterol (Serevent) is a long-acting bronchodilator, best used with corticosteroids for asthma and COPD.

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Methylxanthine

Theophylline is a bronchodilator used when other bronchodilators are too costly.

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COPD and Asthma Similarities/Differences

Both COPD and asthma cause breathing difficulties. COPD is mainly due to chronic lung damage, while asthma is driven by airway inflammation. Symptoms overlap, but the underlying causes and treatment approaches vary.

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Asthma Initial Treatment

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the first-line treatment for asthma inflammation.

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COPD Treatment (Group A)

Bronchodilators are the initial treatment for COPD in Group A patients.

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COPD Treatment (Group B)

LABA + LAMA combination; ICS added if eosinophils high.

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Asthma Classification

Asthma classification guides medication selection based on severity and response to treatment.

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ICS Effect on Growth

Inhaled corticosteroids, though effective, can potentially slow growth in children, especially with poorly controlled asthma.

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COPD Monotherapy Caution

In COPD management, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) should not be used alone for long-term treatment.

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Asthma LABA Monotherapy

Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) should not be used alone for asthma; they should be combined with inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control.

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Theophylline Interaction

Certain medications can affect the levels of theophylline in the body, potentially causing side effects or decreased effectiveness.

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Theophylline Interactions

Caffeine, tobacco, and marijuana affect theophylline breakdown, while phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin decrease theophylline levels. Cimetidine and certain antibiotics increase theophylline levels.

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PUD Pathogenesis Factors

Peptic ulcers form when protective factors (mucus, bicarbonate) are outweighed by aggressive factors (H. pylori, NSAIDs, gastric acid, pepsin, smoking).

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PUD Treatment Options

Treats PUD with antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, mucosal protectants, and antacids.

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PPI Indications

PPIs are used to treat GERD, ulcers, hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), and H. pylori infections.

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PPI Contraindications

Use PPIs with caution in people with impaired CYP2C19 metabolism, liver problems, risk of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia, risk of fractures or C.difficile, pneumonia.

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Laxative vs. Catharsis

Laxatives cause slow, formed bowel movements, while catharsis leads to a fast, watery evacuation of the entire colon.

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Constipation Medication

Colace is a medication used to treat constipation in bedridden patients.

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Bowel Prep Considerations

Bowel cleaning products used for colonoscopies come with contraindications and require monitoring for side effects.

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Sodium Phosphate Cleansing Agents

Sodium phosphate products (e.g., Visicol, OsmoPrep) are used for bowel prep but may cause kidney damage, electrolyte imbalances, or dehydration. They should be avoided in patients with these risks.

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PEG-ELS Products

PEG-ELS products (e.g., GoLytely) are isotonic solutions, which do not alter electrolyte or water balance, and are often better tolerated than sodium phosphate products for bowel prep.

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Gram-positive Bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls that stain a purple color when using a Gram stain.

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Gram-negative Bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria have thin cell walls appearing pink after a Gram stain.

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Bacterial Shapes - Cocci

Cocci are spherical-shaped bacteria.

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Bacterial Shapes - Bacilli

Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria.

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Scopolamine Use

Scopolamine is commonly used to prevent motion sickness. It is a muscarinic antagonist with side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, and drowsiness.

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Bacterial Classification

Bacteria are classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirochetes), cell wall staining characteristics (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative), and needs oxygen or not (aerobic vs anaerobic).

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Narrow-spectrum drugs

Antibiotics targeting a specific type of bacteria, reducing resistance risk.

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Drug resistance

Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotic treatment.

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Broad-spectrum vs. Narrow-spectrum

Broad-spectrum antibiotics target many bacteria types, increasing resistance development; narrow-spectrum target specific bacteria types, decreasing resistance.

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Antibiotic selection factors

Factors in selecting the correct antibiotic include infection type, patient symptoms, and potential drug interactions

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Culture before antibiotic use

Testing bacteria to identify the specific type before starting antibiotic.

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Prophylactic antibiotic use

Using antibiotics to prevent infections before they occur.

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Monitoring infection resolution

Checking if the infection is improving after antibiotic treatment.

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Antibiotic safety concerns

Potential negative effects of antibiotics, including allergic reactions and interactions with other drugs.

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Cephalosporin (e.g., Cephalexin)

A broad-spectrum antibiotic similar to penicillin, but is used as an alternative to those with PCN (Penicillin) allergy. Effective in treating skin, bone, lower respiratory, urinary tract infections. It's relatively safe and low in toxicity.

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Carbapenem (e.g., Imipenem/Cilastatin)

A potent broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, commonly used for serious infections involving mixed bacteria in various body sites such as blood, bones, joints, and skin. It is only administered intravenously.

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Vancomycin

A glycopeptide antibiotic targeting only gram-positive bacteria, commonly used for treating severe infections like antibiotic-resistant staph infections (MRSA) and C.difficile (an organism that causes diarrhea), alternative for penicillin-allergic patients. Usually, it is given intravenously, but PO for C.difficile.

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Tetracyclines (e.g., Doxycycline)

A second-line antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. It comes in different forms, but one must avoid giving to children due to potential side effects.

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Lower respiratory infections

Infections affecting the lungs and airways, often requiring targeted antibiotic treatment. Examples include pneumonia.

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Study Notes

General Tips for Exam Success

  • Review anatomy and pathophysiology. This foundational knowledge is essential for understanding how drugs work in the body and how the body responds to drugs.
  • Be responsible for knowing the name, mechanism of action (MOA), uses, common adverse effects (AEs), serious AEs, dosage, administration, contraindications (CIs), interactions, and patient education for all prototype drugs in each module.
  • Focus on the prototype drugs presented in each module and their use across the lifespan (pediatric, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and older adults).
  • Understand the concepts of safe prescribing and listen for emphasized content and guidelines in lectures.

Module Specific Review Tips

  • Review all prototype drugs presented in the module, including how they work and their uses.
  • Understand safety considerations, including contraindications and precautions.
  • Know how to treat specific conditions (e.g., Tylenol overdose).
  • Understand patient education for each medication.
  • Know how to wean a patient off of glucocorticoids.
  • Understand which labs (e.g., Cr baseline, BP, CBC, BMP, coagulation tests) need to be monitored for anti-inflammatory medications.

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Description

This quiz covers essential tips for succeeding in pharmacology exams, emphasizing the importance of understanding anatomy, pathophysiology, and prototype drugs. It highlights key aspects like mechanisms of action, safety considerations, and patient education specifically tailored for various populations. Prepare yourself for mastering this crucial subject!

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