Pharmacology Chapters 5&6

<p>Opening of $K^+$ channels via G-protein linked channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-PKA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Striatum (basal ganglia) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Midbrain LDTg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolyzing proteins involved in priming synaptic vesicles, inhibiting ACh release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down ACh into choline and acetic acid, allowing the muscle to repolarize. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By blocking the choline transporter, reducing the reuptake of choline and thus limiting ACh synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the availability of ACh in the synapse, compensating for the loss of cholinergic neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged muscle contraction due to the extended presence of ACh in the synaptic cleft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inside presynaptic axons, on the postsynaptic membrane, and secreted into the neuromuscular junction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to increase the availability of ACh. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depletion of ACh due to lack of precursor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiating and controlling muscle contraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preganglionic neurons in sympathetic branches and postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic branches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Playing an important role in cognitive functioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compensate for the neurotransmitter imbalance caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By exerting a powerful excitatory influence, activating nicotinic receptors involved in nicotine reinforcement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Playing important roles in behavioral arousal, sensory processing, and initiation of rapid-eye-movement sleep. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would diminish the rewarding-producing effects of morphine and cocaine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physostigmine crosses the blood-brain barrier, allowing it to affect the CNS, while neostigmine does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These drugs are metabolized, leading to reduced drug concentration and a decrease in effect over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It temporarily binds to and protects AChE, preventing irreversible inactivation by Sarin and Soman. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By prolonging the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, increasing stimulation of remaining receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overstimulation of cholinergic synapses, potentially leading to convulsions, coma, and death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They irreversibly inhibit AChE, leading to rapid acetylcholine accumulation and overstimulation of cholinergic synapses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The progression of myasthenia gravis has led to further loss of functional acetylcholine receptors, overwhelming the effect of neostigmine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By blocking cholinergic receptors in the muscle, reducing the muscle's sensitivity to acetylcholine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It eliminated the place preference normally produced by morphine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased heart rate and decreased strength of contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivation, sweating, and lacrimation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates insulin secretion to regulate blood glucose during food consumption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing drugs that avoid M5 receptors to maintain analgesia without reward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle of blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport via a vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces the amount of ACh stored in vesicles and subsequently released (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymatic degradation of ACh into choline and acetate, followed by choline reuptake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolong the action of ACh in the synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptor is bound by an agonist, but the channel is closed and unresponsive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The BFCS plays a crucial role in attention, learning, and memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M5 receptors enhance dopaminergic cell firing, increasing reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M3 receptors, by disrupting normal insulin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toxins that inhibit ACh release at the neuromuscular junction by hydrolyzing proteins.

The synapse where motor neurons connect with muscle fibers for contraction.

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and acetic acid.

AChE is found in presynaptic axons, postsynaptic membrane, and neuromuscular junctions.

After ACh breakdown, choline is recycled back into the nerve terminal for ACh production.

Drug that blocks choline transporter, decreasing ACh production by limiting choline availability.

Drugs used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's by increasing available ACh.

AChE inhibitors modestly improve cognition due to increased ACh, but do not stop disease progression.

An AChE inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier and affects the CNS.

An AChE inhibitor used to treat myasthenia gravis that does not cross the BBB.

A reversible AChE inhibitor for managing myasthenia gravis.

An autoimmune disorder where antibodies block muscle cholinergic receptors.

Receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Compounds that permanently inhibit AChE, leading to persistent ACh presence.

A condition caused by excessive ACh due to irreversible AChE inhibition, leading to severe symptoms.

Synapses that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, found in the neuromuscular junction.

Part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including autonomic functions.

Cholinergic neurons located in the CNS that project to autonomic ganglia.

A system of cholinergic neurons linked to cognitive function and memory.

Interneurons that maintain balance with dopaminergic neurons in the striatum.

Brainstem nucleus that influences dopamine neuron activity through cholinergic signaling.

Loss of ACh neurons associated with dementia in Alzheimer's disease.

Receptors that respond to acetylcholine and are involved in reward pathways.

A reduction in receptor response after continuous agonist exposure.

The process of receptors regaining sensitivity after agonist concentration drops.

Loss of cell membrane potential due to continuous stimulation.

A chemical that continuously stimulates nicotinic receptors, causing depolarization block.

Blockade of muscle nicotinic receptors leading to paralysis.

Metabotropic receptors with five subtypes (M1-M5) involved in various signaling pathways.

Activation of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway by some muscarinic receptors.

Effects of acetylcholine on cognition mediated by receptors in the forebrain and hippocampus.

The process by which acetylcholine is transported into synaptic vesicles for storage.

Botulinum toxins prevent ACh release, causing muscle paralysis.

Cholinergic neurons recycle ACh through a process involving choline uptake after breakdown.

AChE inhibitors increase ACh levels, enhancing cholinergic transmission, particularly in cognition.

Nicotinic receptors can be open, closed, or desensitized, affecting ACh binding and channel state.

M5 receptors influence dopaminergic activity and are involved in reward pathways in the brain.

M3 receptors regulate insulin secretion and can contribute to insulin resistance with certain medications.

Muscarinic receptors are found in various peripheral organs and glands, affecting functions like digestion.

Mice lacking M5 receptors show reduced rewards from morphine and cocaine.

A method to measure reward responses by associating a substance with a specific environment.

Receptors in cardiac muscles that slow heart rate and reduce contraction strength.

Receptors that activate gut muscles, increasing movement.

Nerve supply from the parasympathetic system that regulates bodily functions.

ACh activates M3 receptors in pancreatic β-cells to release insulin.

Condition leading to type 2 diabetes due to low insulin levels.

Drugs used for psychiatric disorders that can cause dry mouth as a side effect.