Pharmacology Exam I Overview

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 minutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged QT interval. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium-sparing diuretics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slows gastrointestinal emptying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are enzyme inhibitors that may increase drug serum levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulant cathartics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exceeding 16mg may increase the risk of QT prolongation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells shrink due to fluid being drawn out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 hour before or after meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote vasodilation of arteries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral edema. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procrit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors and ARBs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protamine sulfate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attenuated vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tylenol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent surgery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NSAIDs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote tissue repair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gingival hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irreversibly binds to thromboxane A2 and inhibits its production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neumega (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires monitoring of PT/INR levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triptans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ergot preparations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should be taken alone 30-60 minutes before breakfast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow disease progression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver necrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levodopa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category C medication for pre-term labor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticholinergic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For chronic management on a daily basis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent leukotrienes from binding and can be combined with other drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bleomycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Have a significant risk for anaphylaxis and malignancies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xanthines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac toxicity and red discoloration of secretions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs kill bacteria.

Superinfection occurs when antimicrobial drugs kill beneficial bacteria, allowing harmful bacteria to thrive.

Beta-lactam antibiotics work by interfering with the bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Some antibiotics can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.

Treat low potassium with potassium chloride (KCl), diluted and given slowly intravenously.

For high potassium, use calcium gluconate, insulin, glucose, limit potassium intake, address acidosis.

Enteral nutrition provided through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract (preferred over IV).

Antiemetics are drugs used to control or prevent nausea and vomiting.

Medications that block fat absorption by 30%, but are contraindicated in malabsorption and require vitamin supplementation.

A medication that slows gastrointestinal emptying and increases satiety, with a Boxed Warning for thyroid cancer and pancreatitis.

PUD protection mechanisms include mucus, bicarbonate, blood flow, and prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining from acid.

Provide localized neutralization of stomach acid, but different types can cause constipation (Al) or diarrhea (Mg).

First-line drugs for acid reduction which irreversibly bind to acid enzymes preventing acid pumping, but may affect vitamin B12 absorption.

IV fluids with equal concentration as blood, used for hydration, fluid replacement, and treating dehydration or sepsis. Examples include 0.9% Normal Saline and Lactated Ringers.

IV fluids with more solutes than blood, used to treat hyponatremia (low sodium levels).

IV fluids with fewer solutes causing blood cell swelling, use cautiously because it can cause cellular swelling. Examples include 0.45% Normal Saline

Drugs that affect vascular smooth muscle, mainly arterioles and heart, to lower blood pressure and increase coronary blood flow. They also reduce heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) conduction, and contractility.

Calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridines) are often used to treat angina and high blood pressure due to their effects on blood vessels and heart.

Drugs that prevent or treat blood clots by preventing the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen.

An anticoagulant, often given intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (sub-Q), that's used to rapidly prevent clotting. Its effectiveness is monitored by aPTT.

An anticoagulant that works by preventing the synthesis of clotting factors, monitored by prothrombin time (PT) and INR.

Medication preventing platelets from clumping together, thus preventing clot formation, often used to prevent heart attack & stroke.

ACE inhibitors and ARBs help dilate blood vessels, reducing preload and afterload, and also suppresses aldosterone, further lowering pressure.

Diuretics that increase osmotic pressure, drawing water into the vascular system, reducing sodium and water retention. Administered intravenously.

A powerful medication that prevents platelets from clumping together, acting like a super aspirin. It's given intravenously after a heart attack or stent placement.

These medications break down fibrin, the protein that forms blood clots. They're used to treat heart attacks, blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), and stroke.

A medication given subcutaneously (under the skin) to help prevent premature labor. It's categorized as Pregnancy Category C, meaning there's some risk to the fetus.

These medications block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of airways). Often used with beta-2 agonists in treating asthma.

A second-line treatment for asthma, used if other medications don't work well. They have effects similar to caffeine, but with a narrow therapeutic range.

They suppress inflammation and are essential for managing persistent asthma. Used in both acute and chronic settings.

The first-line treatment for asthma, taken DAILY, not as needed. They help prevent inflammation in airways.

These medications prevent leukotrienes, inflammatory chemicals, from binding to their receptors. They're effective for asthma when combined with other medications.

A chemotherapy drug that can cause peripheral neuropathy, often described as a tingling or numbness sensation in the hands and feet.

An immunosuppressant medication used to treat multiple sclerosis. It works by reducing the number of immune cells that attack the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers.

An anti-estrogen medication used to treat breast cancer. It works by blocking the effects of estrogen on breast cancer cells.

Medications used to treat breast cancer by blocking the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogen.

Medications used to treat prostate cancer by blocking the production or action of male hormones (androgens) that promote prostate cancer growth.

Medications that stimulate the production of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, in patients with severe neutropenia.

Proteins that have antiviral and anti-cancer properties. They can be used to treat hepatitis B and C, some cancers, and multiple sclerosis.

A synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. It replaces the hormone that is not being produced by the thyroid gland.

Aspirin is contraindicated in children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious condition that can cause liver and brain damage.

Salicylate toxicity is a serious complication that can occur with high doses of aspirin. It can lead to acidosis, central nervous system depression, and tinnitus.

Celebrex, a COX-2 inhibitor, is used to reduce inflammation and pain. It has a lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects compared to other NSAIDs.

Tylenol is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that primarily reduces fever and pain. It does not reduce inflammation. It's contraindicated in severe liver impairment.

Gout is a condition caused by high uric acid levels. The first-line treatment is NSAIDs. IV or oral options are available if NSAIDS are ineffective.

Triptans are selective serotonin receptor agonists that are effective in aborting migraines. They are contraindicated in patients with angina, heart attack, or hypertension.

Ergot preparations relieve migraines by constricting blood vessels. They are contraindicated in patients with coronary artery disease or hypertension. Do not use triptans within 24 hours of ergot use.

Phenytoin is an anti-epileptic drug that is used to control seizures. It can be administered intravenously, but it must be diluted and given slowly due to its irritant properties.