Pharmacology Exam 2 Study Guide
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What is the main action of sulfonamides in the treatment of bacterial infections?

  • Directly kill bacteria
  • Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid (correct)
  • Enhance the absorption of nutrients
  • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

    • Which of the following is a significant nursing intervention when administering sulfonamides?

  • Monitor for rash and superinfection (correct)
  • Reduce monitoring of renal function
  • Administer with antacids to alleviate GI discomfort
  • Limit fluid intake to decrease urinary output

    • Why should patients avoid antacids while taking sulfonamides?

  • Antacids increase the risk of renal failure
  • Antacids interfere with the absorption of the drug (correct)
  • Antacids exacerbate photosensitivity
  • Antacids cause hematuria

    • Which of the following side effects is associated with sulfonamides?

    <p>Photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sulfonamides have when taken with sulfonylureas?

    <p>Increases the hypoglycemic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of methylphenidate?

    <p>Managing ADHD and narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the action of temazepam?

    <p>Reduces neuron excitability through GABA interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic serum level for phenytoin?

    <p>10 to 20 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common side effects of lithium?

    <p>Dry mouth and metallic taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should neostigmine bromide be administered for optimal absorption?

    <p>Before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug classification does levodopa belong to?

    <p>Dopaminergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major nursing intervention is necessary for a patient taking lorazepam?

    <p>Monitor vital signs regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible interaction with MAO inhibitors?

    <p>Tyramine-containing foods can lead to hypertensive crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with carbidopa levodopa?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about baclofen is correct?

    <p>It is used for spasticity management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assessment should be made for a patient taking phenytoin?

    <p>Assess for gingival hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of alprazolam?

    <p>Suicidal ideation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic effect is expected from rivastigmine?

    <p>Increased cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention should be taken when a patient shows signs of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

    <p>Immediate withdrawal of antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?

    <p>Isoniazid (INH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect associated with Isoniazid (INH)?

    <p>GI distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily indicated for fungal infections in the mouth?

    <p>Nystatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does metronidazole perform against susceptible bacteria?

    <p>Impairs DNA function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications requires the patient to take pyridoxine (vitamin B6)?

    <p>Isoniazid (INH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be warned about when taking Rifampin?

    <p>Reddish-orange body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is metronidazole NOT typically prescribed for?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should INH be taken in relation to meals?

    <p>1 hour before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classification of nystatin?

    <p>Antifungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should NOT be done when taking Isoniazid (INH)?

    <p>Take with antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Interfere with the enzyme DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is indicated for treating UTIs?

    <p>Levofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with the use of acyclovir?

    <p>Gingival hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillins primarily act by inhibiting which physiological component in bacteria?

    <p>Cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nursing intervention when administering fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Infuse IV over 60-90 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic range for theophylline?

    <p>5-15 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with diphenhydramine?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma?

    <p>Ipratropium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does guaifenesin have in the body?

    <p>Loosens bronchial secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of leukotriene modifiers?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when taking fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is recommended for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>Chlordiazepoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a bronchodilator?

    <p>Albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected therapeutic effect of glucocorticoid inhalers?

    <p>Reduced airway inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of amitriptyline in treating major depression?

    <p>Blocks uptake of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with the use of amitriptyline?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of infliximab?

    <p>Management of rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of colchicine?

    <p>Inhibits migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention is essential for patients taking allopurinol?

    <p>Increase fluid intake to promote uric acid excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ibuprofen have on platelet aggregation?

    <p>Inhibits platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of naproxen?

    <p>Gastric distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic serum level for salicylate when using aspirin?

    <p>15 to 30 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation should aspirin be avoided due to the risk of Reye's syndrome?

    <p>In children with flu or virus symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification does acetaminophen fall under?

    <p>Analgesic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major risk is associated with the overdose of acetaminophen?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of fentanyl compared to morphine?

    <p>Higher potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a beta-lactam antibiotic?

    <p>Zosyn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for opioid medications?

    <p>Act on CNS to suppress pain impulses and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is specifically associated with rapid intravenous administration of vancomycin?

    <p>Red man syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention is essential for patients taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

    <p>Administer with a full glass of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic class does azithromycin belong to?

    <p>Macrolide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken to minimize the risk of nephrotoxicity when administering vancomycin?

    <p>Rotate IV sites frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients taking sulfasalazine be advised to do regarding sun exposure?

    <p>Avoid direct sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing intervention before starting antibiotic therapy, such as vancomycin?

    <p>Check culture and sensitivity (C&amp;S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as an oxazolidinone?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason to administer azithromycin 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals?

    <p>To minimize interactions with antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might indicate an adverse reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

    <p>Sore throat and bruising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration time for IV vancomycin?

    <p>Over 1-2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of sulfasalazine?

    <p>Management of autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is NOT associated with vancomycin use?

    <p>Photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation should the nurse specifically monitor renal function tests?

    <p>When giving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction should be avoided while on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

    <p>Antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Exam 2 Study Guide

    • Methylphenidate (Ritalin):

      • Classification: Amphetamine, Category II
      • Action: Modulates serotonergic pathways, affecting dopamine transport
      • Uses: ADHD, narcolepsy
      • Side Effects: Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, dizziness, heart attack, restlessness, tremors, irritability, seizures, euphoria, confusion, insomnia, anorexia, dry mouth, diarrhea, weight loss
      • Nursing Interventions: Administer before breakfast and lunch, report irregular heartbeat, record height, weight, and growth of children, avoid alcohol and caffeine, use sugarless gum for dry mouth, taper off dose to avoid withdrawal symptoms, pt’s attention span will increase, patient will behave calmly
      • Interactions: Caffeine may increase effects, decreased effects of antihypertensives, may alter insulin effects

    • Temazepam (Restoril):

      • Classification: Benzodiazepine, Category IV
      • Uses: Hypnotic for insomnia
      • Action: Interacts with GABA to reduce neuron excitability
      • Side Effects: Drowsiness, tolerance, dependence, depression, respiratory depression, vivid dreams, nightmares

    • Midazolam (Versed):

      • Classification: Benzodiazepine, Category IV
      • Use: Prolonged seizures
      • Nursing Interventions: Administer slowly to avoid respiratory depression

    • Phenytoin:

      • Classification: Hydantoins, Category IV
      • Action: Suppresses sodium influx
      • Therapeutic Serum Level: 10-20 mcg/mL
      • Side Effects: Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, headache, diplopia, dizziness, slurred speech, decreased coordination, alopecia, thrombocytopenia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
      • Nursing Interventions: Shake suspensions well (5 minutes), monitor serum drug levels, protect from environmental hazards, and advise against driving, warn against taking certain herbs, alcohol, and other CNS depressants. Warn patients to avoid certain herbs, alcohol, or other CNS depressants. Warn patient not to discontinue abruptly. Patients will need frequent oral hygiene & dental check-ups, Teach patients to report sore throat, bruising, nosebleeds. Diabetics must monitor glucose levels. Tell each patient to take drugs at the same time every day. Warn of harmless pinkish red or brown urine, encourage patients to wear medical-alert identification.

    • Carbidopa levodopa (Sinemet):

      • Classification: Dopaminergics
      • Uses: Parkinson's disease
      • Action: Converts to dopamine to increase mobility
      • Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, involuntary abnormal movement, psychotic behavior, angioedema, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, insomnia, blurred vision, dizziness, headache

    • Rivastigmine (Exelon):

      • Classification: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitor
      • Action: Increases amount of ACh at cholinergic synapses

    • Neostigmine bromide (Prostigmin):

      • Classification: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
      • Action: Transmission of neuromuscular impulses (prevents destruction of ACh), cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit ACh enzyme action, results in more ACh to activate cholinergic receptors, promoting muscle contraction
      • Use: Control and treat Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
      • Side Effects: Gl disturbances, N/V/D, abdominal cramps, increased salivation, tearing, miosis, blurred vision, bradycardia, hypotension
      • Nursing Interventions: Administer doses on time, take before meals, monitor drug effectiveness, have antidotes available for a cholinergic crisis (Atropine), encourage patients to wear a medical ID.

    • Lithium (Lithobid):

      • Classification: Mood Stabilizer
      • Therapeutic Serum Range: 0.8-1.2 mEq/L
      • Action: Alteration of ion transport in nerve cells, increased receptor sensitivity to serotonin, Increased receptor sensitivity to serotonin
      • Use: Treat manic episodes in bipolar psychosis
      • Interactions: Increased lithium levels with thiazides,methyldopa, haloperidol,NSAIDs, antidepressants, spironolactone, phenothiazines, ACE inhibitors , Decreased level with caffeine, loop diuretics,theophylline
      • Side Effecs: Headache, drowsiness, dizziness , hypotension, dysrhythmias, restlessness, dry mouth, metallic taste, GI distress, tremors, muscle weakness, peripheral edema, increased urination, memory impairment
      • Nursing Interventions: Monitor vital signs, sodium levels, for drug effectiveness, suicidal tendencies, monitor urine output and renal function tests

    • And many more...

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    Pharmacology Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your pharmacology exam with this comprehensive study guide focused on key medications such as Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and Temazepam (Restoril). Learn about their classifications, actions, uses, side effects, and important nursing interventions. This guide is essential for nursing students aiming to excel in pharmacology.

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