Pharmacology Essentials Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of ointments?

For external application to various body surfaces (correct)

To provide a cooling effect on the skin

To deliver a specified dose of the drug via inhalation

To enhance cosmetic appearance of the skin

Which device uses a propellant to deliver a drug in aerosol form?

Jet nebulizer

Ointment applicator

Hand-held inhaler

Rotahaler (correct)

Which of the following statements about creams is true?

Creams have a water in oil emulsion base (correct)

Creams deliver a drug less effectively than ointments

Creams allow for better water evaporation than ointments

Creams are less cosmetically acceptable than ointments

What particle size is most effective for drug delivery to the bronchioles?

1–5 mm Signup and view all the answers

What type of dosage form is best suited for dry, chronic lesions?

Ointments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between ointments and creams in terms of absorption?

Creams allow for better absorption into the skin than ointments Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes jet nebulizers from metered dose inhalers?

Jet nebulizers produce mist using pressurized air or oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Why are ointments not suitable for oozing surfaces?

They are occlusive and do not allow evaporation Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for readers to check with the manufacturer of each product?

To verify recommended dose and contraindications Signup and view all the answers

What does the responsibility of the practitioner include regarding safety precautions?

Assessing and implementing appropriate safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What shift is occurring in the practice of medicine according to the content?

From impression-based to evidence-based medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the current edition of the pharmacology book?

Evidence-based medicine derived from randomized trials Signup and view all the answers

What liabilities are not assumed by the publisher or authors of the book?

Liabilities for injury related to the use of the book's material Signup and view all the answers

What has significantly changed in the field of medical pharmacology?

The dynamic and rapid development of new drug targets Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated to have been made where necessary regarding copyright material?

Efforts were made to contact copyright holders for permission Signup and view all the answers

What year marked the fifth edition of the pharmacology book?

2003 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary advantages of prescribing drugs using their nonproprietary names?

Better comprehension Signup and view all the answers

How do generic products typically compare to branded products in terms of cost?

They are generally cheaper. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates formularies produced in different countries?

The presence of cost listings for medications. Signup and view all the answers

Why might it be more beneficial to prescribe drugs by their brand name in some cases?

It guarantees consistent product quality. Signup and view all the answers

What typically precedes the specifics of individual drugs in a formulary?

A commentary on the drug class and clinical conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature found in most formularies?

Informative appendices. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason for prescribing drugs by nonproprietary names?

To facilitate the dispensing of cheaper generic products. Signup and view all the answers

When might it be recommended to refer to Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference?

To obtain comprehensive drug references every few years. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of spansules?

They contain drug granules with varying coatings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of linctus?

To soothe the throat when licked slowly. Signup and view all the answers

How are drops primarily used?

For external application to skin and eyes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the conical bullet-shaped dosage forms used for?

Inserting into the anal canal. Signup and view all the answers

Why are eye drops required to be isotonic?

To prevent irritation or damage to the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes lozenges?

They dissolve slowly in the mouth for local drug action. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of lotions?

For external application to the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes suppositories from other dosage forms?

They are inserted into the anal canal for absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is primarily used to treat conditions associated with blood coagulation?

Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding and Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of diuretics in medical treatment?

To increase urine formation Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs is specifically utilized for managing peptic ulcers?

Gastrointestinal Drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of antimicrobials?

To combat infections Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs would be most appropriate for treating viral infections?

Antiviral Drugs (Non-retroviral) Signup and view all the answers

What do haematinics specifically target in medical treatment?

Enhancing blood formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antidiuretics in the body?

To reduce urine production Signup and view all the answers

Which group of drugs is primarily concerned with lipid level management?

Hypolipidaemic Drugs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacology Information Sources

It is the responsibility of medical practitioners to check for updated information and verification of drug administration procedures
It is essential to consult the manufacturer’s information for verification of recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications.
Neither the publisher nor the authors hold the responsibility for any damages or injuries caused by the usage or misuse of the information provided in the document.
The ‘Essentials of Medical Pharmacology’ book is not a substitute for professional medical advice.

Dosage Forms- Oral Administration

Oral dosage forms include:
- Tablets
- Capsules
- Granules
- Powders
- Syrups
- Linctus

Dosage Forms- Topical Administration

Topical dosage forms include:
- Ointments: greasy formulations applied to the skin or other external body surfaces.
- Creams: similar to ointments but with a water-in-oil (or oil-in-water) emulsion base.
- Pastes: nongreasy preparations with a thicker consistency than ointments.
- Lozenges: solid preparations containing medication to be dissolved slowly in the mouth.
- Suppositories: bullet-shaped dose forms inserted rectally, vaginally, or urethrally.
- Drops: concentrated liquid solutions for oral ingestion or external application to the eye, nose, or ear.
- Lotions: liquid formulations for external application to the skin, typically without rubbing.

Dosage Forms- Inhalation Administration

Inhalation dosage forms include:
- Aerosols:
  - Solutions, suspensions, fine particle solids, or powders administered via metered dose inhalers (MDIs), jet nebulizers, rotahalers, or spinhalers.
  - Particle size determines the location of drug deposition:
    - 1-5 mm particles deposit in the bronchioles
    - Larger particles settle in the oropharynx
    - 100mm particles cannot effectively penetrate.

Drug Names and Prescribing

Nonproprietary drug names contribute to:
- Uniform prescribing
- Improved comprehension
Generic products are cheaper than their branded counterparts
Prescribing by generic names allows for dispensing of multiple manufacturers’ products.
Prescribing by the brand name ensures consistency of product quality and bioavailability.

Pharmaceutical Information Resources

Formularies:
- Booklets listing medications’ indications, doses, dosage forms, contraindications, precautions, adverse effects, and storage information.
- Categorised by therapeutic class.
- Some formularies, like the British National Formulary (BNF), include brand names and pricing.
- The National Formulary of India (NFI) does not include brand names and pricing.
- Formularies are helpful for prescribers.
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference:
- Extrapharmacopoeia) Published every 2-3 years by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society
- Contains extensive information about medications.

Drug Development

Medical pharmacology is a dynamic field with ongoing research and development.
New molecular targets and novel drugs emerge.
A large body of evidence informs the development of therapies focused on particular outcomes.
Shifting from “impression-based” to “evidence-based" medicine is a result of research and development.

Edition History

The Essentials of Medical Pharmacology has undergone numerous editions:
- First Edition: 1985
- Second Edition: 1988
- Third Edition: 1994
- Fourth Edition: 1999
- Fifth Edition: 2003
- Sixth Edition: 2008
- Seventh Edition: 2013
- Eighth Edition: 2019

Content Overview

Section 9 – Drugs Acting on Kidney
- Relevant Physiology of Urine Formation
- Diuretics
- Antidiuretics
Section 10 – Drugs Affecting Blood and Blood Formation
- Haematinics and Erythropoietin
- Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding and Thrombosis
- Hypolipidaemic Drugs
Section 11 – Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Drugs for Peptic Ulcer and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Antiemetic, Prokinetic and Digestant Drugs
- Drugs for Constipation and Diarrhoea
Section 12 – Antimicrobial Drugs
- Antimicrobial Drugs: General Considerations
- Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole and Quinolones
- Beta- Lactam Antibiotics
- Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol (Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics)
- Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
- Macrolide, Lincosamide, Glycopeptide and Other Antibacterial Antibiotics; Urinary Antiseptics
- Antitubercular Drugs
- Antileprotic Drugs
- Antifungal Drugs
- Antiviral Drugs (Non-retroviral)
- Antiviral Drugs (Anti-retrovirus)
- Antimalarial Drugs
- Antiamoebic and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs

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Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacology information sources and various dosage forms including oral and topical administration. This quiz covers the important aspects of drug verification, recommended dosages, and adverse effects. Stay updated with essential pharmacological knowledge necessary for medical practitioners.