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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of ointments?
What is the main purpose of ointments?
- For external application to various body surfaces (correct)
- To provide a cooling effect on the skin
- To deliver a specified dose of the drug via inhalation
- To enhance cosmetic appearance of the skin
Which device uses a propellant to deliver a drug in aerosol form?
Which device uses a propellant to deliver a drug in aerosol form?
- Jet nebulizer
- Ointment applicator
- Hand-held inhaler
- Rotahaler (correct)
Which of the following statements about creams is true?
Which of the following statements about creams is true?
- Creams have a water in oil emulsion base (correct)
- Creams deliver a drug less effectively than ointments
- Creams allow for better water evaporation than ointments
- Creams are less cosmetically acceptable than ointments
What particle size is most effective for drug delivery to the bronchioles?
What particle size is most effective for drug delivery to the bronchioles?
What type of dosage form is best suited for dry, chronic lesions?
What type of dosage form is best suited for dry, chronic lesions?
What is the primary difference between ointments and creams in terms of absorption?
What is the primary difference between ointments and creams in terms of absorption?
What feature distinguishes jet nebulizers from metered dose inhalers?
What feature distinguishes jet nebulizers from metered dose inhalers?
Why are ointments not suitable for oozing surfaces?
Why are ointments not suitable for oozing surfaces?
Why is it important for readers to check with the manufacturer of each product?
Why is it important for readers to check with the manufacturer of each product?
What does the responsibility of the practitioner include regarding safety precautions?
What does the responsibility of the practitioner include regarding safety precautions?
What shift is occurring in the practice of medicine according to the content?
What shift is occurring in the practice of medicine according to the content?
What is emphasized in the current edition of the pharmacology book?
What is emphasized in the current edition of the pharmacology book?
What liabilities are not assumed by the publisher or authors of the book?
What liabilities are not assumed by the publisher or authors of the book?
What has significantly changed in the field of medical pharmacology?
What has significantly changed in the field of medical pharmacology?
What is indicated to have been made where necessary regarding copyright material?
What is indicated to have been made where necessary regarding copyright material?
What year marked the fifth edition of the pharmacology book?
What year marked the fifth edition of the pharmacology book?
What is one of the primary advantages of prescribing drugs using their nonproprietary names?
What is one of the primary advantages of prescribing drugs using their nonproprietary names?
How do generic products typically compare to branded products in terms of cost?
How do generic products typically compare to branded products in terms of cost?
What aspect differentiates formularies produced in different countries?
What aspect differentiates formularies produced in different countries?
Why might it be more beneficial to prescribe drugs by their brand name in some cases?
Why might it be more beneficial to prescribe drugs by their brand name in some cases?
What typically precedes the specifics of individual drugs in a formulary?
What typically precedes the specifics of individual drugs in a formulary?
What is a common feature found in most formularies?
What is a common feature found in most formularies?
What is a major reason for prescribing drugs by nonproprietary names?
What is a major reason for prescribing drugs by nonproprietary names?
When might it be recommended to refer to Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference?
When might it be recommended to refer to Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference?
What is the primary characteristic of spansules?
What is the primary characteristic of spansules?
What is the main purpose of linctus?
What is the main purpose of linctus?
How are drops primarily used?
How are drops primarily used?
What are the conical bullet-shaped dosage forms used for?
What are the conical bullet-shaped dosage forms used for?
Why are eye drops required to be isotonic?
Why are eye drops required to be isotonic?
What characterizes lozenges?
What characterizes lozenges?
What is the primary use of lotions?
What is the primary use of lotions?
What distinguishes suppositories from other dosage forms?
What distinguishes suppositories from other dosage forms?
Which class of drugs is primarily used to treat conditions associated with blood coagulation?
Which class of drugs is primarily used to treat conditions associated with blood coagulation?
What is the main purpose of diuretics in medical treatment?
What is the main purpose of diuretics in medical treatment?
Which category of drugs is specifically utilized for managing peptic ulcers?
Which category of drugs is specifically utilized for managing peptic ulcers?
What is a primary focus of antimicrobials?
What is a primary focus of antimicrobials?
Which class of drugs would be most appropriate for treating viral infections?
Which class of drugs would be most appropriate for treating viral infections?
What do haematinics specifically target in medical treatment?
What do haematinics specifically target in medical treatment?
What is the function of antidiuretics in the body?
What is the function of antidiuretics in the body?
Which group of drugs is primarily concerned with lipid level management?
Which group of drugs is primarily concerned with lipid level management?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Information Sources
- It is the responsibility of medical practitioners to check for updated information and verification of drug administration procedures
- It is essential to consult the manufacturer’s information for verification of recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications.
- Neither the publisher nor the authors hold the responsibility for any damages or injuries caused by the usage or misuse of the information provided in the document.
- The ‘Essentials of Medical Pharmacology’ book is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Dosage Forms- Oral Administration
- Oral dosage forms include:
- Tablets
- Capsules
- Granules
- Powders
- Syrups
- Linctus
Dosage Forms- Topical Administration
- Topical dosage forms include:
- Ointments: greasy formulations applied to the skin or other external body surfaces.
- Creams: similar to ointments but with a water-in-oil (or oil-in-water) emulsion base.
- Pastes: nongreasy preparations with a thicker consistency than ointments.
- Lozenges: solid preparations containing medication to be dissolved slowly in the mouth.
- Suppositories: bullet-shaped dose forms inserted rectally, vaginally, or urethrally.
- Drops: concentrated liquid solutions for oral ingestion or external application to the eye, nose, or ear.
- Lotions: liquid formulations for external application to the skin, typically without rubbing.
Dosage Forms- Inhalation Administration
- Inhalation dosage forms include:
- Aerosols:
- Solutions, suspensions, fine particle solids, or powders administered via metered dose inhalers (MDIs), jet nebulizers, rotahalers, or spinhalers.
- Particle size determines the location of drug deposition:
- 1-5 mm particles deposit in the bronchioles
- Larger particles settle in the oropharynx
-
100mm particles cannot effectively penetrate.
- Aerosols:
Drug Names and Prescribing
- Nonproprietary drug names contribute to:
- Uniform prescribing
- Improved comprehension
- Generic products are cheaper than their branded counterparts
- Prescribing by generic names allows for dispensing of multiple manufacturers’ products.
- Prescribing by the brand name ensures consistency of product quality and bioavailability.
Pharmaceutical Information Resources
-
Formularies:
- Booklets listing medications’ indications, doses, dosage forms, contraindications, precautions, adverse effects, and storage information.
- Categorised by therapeutic class.
- Some formularies, like the British National Formulary (BNF), include brand names and pricing.
- The National Formulary of India (NFI) does not include brand names and pricing.
- Formularies are helpful for prescribers.
-
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference:
- Extrapharmacopoeia) Published every 2-3 years by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society
- Contains extensive information about medications.
Drug Development
- Medical pharmacology is a dynamic field with ongoing research and development.
- New molecular targets and novel drugs emerge.
- A large body of evidence informs the development of therapies focused on particular outcomes.
- Shifting from “impression-based” to “evidence-based" medicine is a result of research and development.
Edition History
- The Essentials of Medical Pharmacology has undergone numerous editions:
- First Edition: 1985
- Second Edition: 1988
- Third Edition: 1994
- Fourth Edition: 1999
- Fifth Edition: 2003
- Sixth Edition: 2008
- Seventh Edition: 2013
- Eighth Edition: 2019
Content Overview
-
Section 9 – Drugs Acting on Kidney
- Relevant Physiology of Urine Formation
- Diuretics
- Antidiuretics
-
Section 10 – Drugs Affecting Blood and Blood Formation
- Haematinics and Erythropoietin
- Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding and Thrombosis
- Hypolipidaemic Drugs
-
Section 11 – Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Drugs for Peptic Ulcer and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Antiemetic, Prokinetic and Digestant Drugs
- Drugs for Constipation and Diarrhoea
-
Section 12 – Antimicrobial Drugs
- Antimicrobial Drugs: General Considerations
- Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole and Quinolones
- Beta- Lactam Antibiotics
- Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol (Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics)
- Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
- Macrolide, Lincosamide, Glycopeptide and Other Antibacterial Antibiotics; Urinary Antiseptics
- Antitubercular Drugs
- Antileprotic Drugs
- Antifungal Drugs
- Antiviral Drugs (Non-retroviral)
- Antiviral Drugs (Anti-retrovirus)
- Antimalarial Drugs
- Antiamoebic and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs
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