Pharmacology: Injection Methods and Dosage Forms

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What is the advantage of the IV route?

It provides rapid action as the drug is directly introduced into the systemic circulation (correct)

It reduces the risk of thrombosis

It is the method of choice for depot action

It allows for controlled release of the drug

What is the risk associated with the IV route?

Muscle or nerve damage

Thrombosis (correct)

Irritation due to high concentration of the drug

Extravasation

What is the purpose of aspiration prior to injecting a drug in the IM and SC routes?

To control the release rate of the drug

To increase the injection volume

To avoid blood in the injection site (correct)

To ensure the needle is in the vein

What is the term used to describe the process of increasing injection volumes in the SC route?

Hypodermoclysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme used to enhance tissue permeability in the SC route?

Hyaluronidase Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of choice for depot action?

IM route Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for administering injections slowly?

To avoid pain or tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is administered by the SC route?

Insulin and low molecular-weight heparins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using needleless injectors?

Reduced risk of skin puncture hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of needleless injectors?

They are not applicable for IV route Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using needleless injectors in terms of drug delivery?

Improved bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of large volume parenterals (LVPs)?

To administer infusion fluids in larger volumes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for having the drug in sufficient concentration in parenteral dosage forms?

To achieve the desired dose in the small injected volume Signup and view all the answers

How can the solubility of a drug be enhanced?

By chemical modification of the drug as salt or ester formation Signup and view all the answers

What can affect the dissolution of a drug?

The crystal characteristics of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control crystallization in parenteral products?

To control lot to lot variation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with hydrates or anhydrous drugs?

Require special control of RH and solvent purity Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to minimize the use of excipients in parenteral products?

To avoid any undesirable irritation, incompatibility, or stability problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for carefully weighing the use of preservatives in formulations?

To minimize the risk of formulation issues that reduce preservative concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following preservatives is less active at pH above 5 and unstable at pH 6?

Chlorbutol Signup and view all the answers

Why should preservatives not be used in LVPs (large volume parenterals)?

Because of the risk of administering toxic quantities Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue with preservatives in oily formulations?

They tend to partition in favor of the oily droplets, reducing efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a trend to avoid the use of preservatives in some formulations?

Because of the possibility of using aseptic conditions instead Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration when selecting a preservative for a formulation?

The pH of the formulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly used solvent for parenteral formulations?

Water for injection (WFI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of boiling WFI for 10 minutes?

To remove carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Why is O2-free WFI used for certain injections?

To prevent oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with using sesame oil in parenteral formulations?

Rancidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using esters as an alternative to fixed oils?

They are less viscous Signup and view all the answers

Why are alcohols used as cosolvents in parenteral formulations?

To improve solubility Signup and view all the answers