40 Questions
What is the main treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes?
Exogenous insulin
Which factor does NOT influence the development of type 2 diabetes?
Autoimmune processes
What does HbA1c measure in individuals with diabetes?
Glucose control over the previous 3 months
What is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of treatment?
Type 1 requires exogenous insulin, while type 2 may be controlled with diet and exercise
What is the goal of insulin therapy in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
To avoid wide fluctuations in glucose levels
Which factor differentiates the metabolic alterations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Ketosis
Which type of insulin preparations are classified as rapid-acting insulins?
Insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine
What is a key advantage of rapid-acting insulins when compared to regular insulin?
They peak faster after subcutaneous injection
Why should patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smokers avoid inhaled insulin formulations?
Due to the potential for bronchospasm
What is the classification of regular insulin?
Short-acting insulin
What results from the modification of the amino acid sequence of regular insulin?
Rapid absorption and quicker onset
When are peak levels of insulin lispro typically seen compared to regular insulin?
After 30-90 minutes
Which GLP-1 receptor agonist is dosed once daily?
Lixisenatide
In patients with severe renal impairment, which drug should be avoided?
Exenatide (short-acting)
What have GLP-1 receptor agonists been associated with that warrants avoiding them in patients with chronic pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis
Which group of patients are most likely to respond well to oral glucose-lowering agents?
Patients who developed diabetes after age 40 and have had diabetes for less than 5 years
What side effects are primarily associated with incretin mimetics?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation
In rodents, longer-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with which type of tumors?
Thyroid C-cell tumors
What is the main disadvantage of using premixed insulin combinations?
Increases the risk of hypoglycemic episodes
What is a characteristic of standard insulin therapy?
Linked to a higher frequency of hypoglycemic episodes
What is a benefit of intensive insulin regimens according to the text?
Significant reduction in microvascular complications
Which patients should intensive therapy not be recommended for?
Patients with hypoglycemic unawareness
What hormone is co-secreted with insulin from β cells following food intake?
Amylin
What is the target mean blood glucose level recommended by the ADA for most patients?
154 mg/dl or less
What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in treating diabetes?
Stimulating insulin release from the pancreas
Which pharmacokinetic property is true for sulfonylureas?
May accumulate in renal insufficiency
What is an adverse effect commonly associated with sulfonylureas?
Weight gain
How do sulfonylureas affect ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the pancreas?
Close the channels, inhibiting insulin release
What is a precaution that should be taken when prescribing sulfonylureas to patients?
Being cautious in renal insufficiency
Which statement is true about glyburide in individuals with renal impairment?
It may increase the risk of hypoglycemia significantly
Which condition warrants discontinuing metformin therapy?
Acute myocardial infarction
What is a possible consequence of long-term metformin use?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Why should metformin be used cautiously in patients older than 80 years?
Risk of lactic acidosis
Which class of drugs includes pioglitazone and rosiglitazone?
Thiazolidinediones
How do thiazolidinediones lower insulin resistance?
By acting as PPARγ agonists
Which disorder is a contraindication for metformin use?
Renal dysfunction
What should be monitored periodically during metformin therapy?
Vitamin B12 levels
In which patients should metformin be temporarily discontinued?
Those undergoing procedures with IV contrast
What is the main mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones for lowering insulin resistance?
Acting as PPARγ agonists
Why are thiazolidinediones like pioglitazone and rosiglitazone considered insulin sensitizers?
They lower insulin resistance by acting on PPARγ
Explore the pharmacological treatment options for diabetes, focusing on drugs and insulin therapy. Learn about the management of type 1 diabetes with exogenous insulin, monitoring HbA1c levels, and controlling hyperglycemia.
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