Drugs For Diabetes

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What is the main treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes?

Diet control

Regular exercise

Exogenous insulin (correct)

Oral medications

Which factor does NOT influence the development of type 2 diabetes?

Autoimmune processes (correct)

Obesity

Aging

Genetic factors

What does HbA1c measure in individuals with diabetes?

Glucose control over the previous 3 months (correct)

Insulin production

Daily glucose levels

Carb intake

What is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of treatment?

Type 1 requires exogenous insulin, while type 2 may be controlled with diet and exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of insulin therapy in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

To avoid wide fluctuations in glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which factor differentiates the metabolic alterations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Ketosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of insulin preparations are classified as rapid-acting insulins?

Insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of rapid-acting insulins when compared to regular insulin?

They peak faster after subcutaneous injection Signup and view all the answers

Why should patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smokers avoid inhaled insulin formulations?

Due to the potential for bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of regular insulin?

Short-acting insulin Signup and view all the answers

What results from the modification of the amino acid sequence of regular insulin?

Rapid absorption and quicker onset Signup and view all the answers

When are peak levels of insulin lispro typically seen compared to regular insulin?

After 30-90 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which GLP-1 receptor agonist is dosed once daily?

Lixisenatide Signup and view all the answers

In patients with severe renal impairment, which drug should be avoided?

Exenatide (short-acting) Signup and view all the answers

What have GLP-1 receptor agonists been associated with that warrants avoiding them in patients with chronic pancreatitis?

Pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which group of patients are most likely to respond well to oral glucose-lowering agents?

Patients who developed diabetes after age 40 and have had diabetes for less than 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What side effects are primarily associated with incretin mimetics?

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation Signup and view all the answers

In rodents, longer-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with which type of tumors?

Thyroid C-cell tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of using premixed insulin combinations?

Increases the risk of hypoglycemic episodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of standard insulin therapy?

Linked to a higher frequency of hypoglycemic episodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of intensive insulin regimens according to the text?

Significant reduction in microvascular complications Signup and view all the answers

Which patients should intensive therapy not be recommended for?

Patients with hypoglycemic unawareness Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is co-secreted with insulin from β cells following food intake?

Amylin Signup and view all the answers

What is the target mean blood glucose level recommended by the ADA for most patients?

154 mg/dl or less Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in treating diabetes?

Stimulating insulin release from the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacokinetic property is true for sulfonylureas?

May accumulate in renal insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse effect commonly associated with sulfonylureas?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

How do sulfonylureas affect ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the pancreas?

Close the channels, inhibiting insulin release Signup and view all the answers

What is a precaution that should be taken when prescribing sulfonylureas to patients?

Being cautious in renal insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about glyburide in individuals with renal impairment?

It may increase the risk of hypoglycemia significantly Signup and view all the answers

Which condition warrants discontinuing metformin therapy?

Acute myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of long-term metformin use?

Vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Why should metformin be used cautiously in patients older than 80 years?

Risk of lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs includes pioglitazone and rosiglitazone?

Thiazolidinediones Signup and view all the answers

How do thiazolidinediones lower insulin resistance?

By acting as PPARγ agonists Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is a contraindication for metformin use?

Renal dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored periodically during metformin therapy?

Vitamin B12 levels Signup and view all the answers

In which patients should metformin be temporarily discontinued?

Those undergoing procedures with IV contrast Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones for lowering insulin resistance?

Acting as PPARγ agonists Signup and view all the answers

Why are thiazolidinediones like pioglitazone and rosiglitazone considered insulin sensitizers?

They lower insulin resistance by acting on PPARγ Signup and view all the answers