Pharmacology Drug Metabolism Quiz

Drug metabolism occurs primarily in the liver and in other body cells.

The biotransformation of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) into water-soluble forms for easier elimination.

Foreign compounds in the body processed by metabolism.

Drug metabolism can either decrease, increase, or change drug activity completely.

Inactive drugs that are activated by metabolism to become active.

A metabolic reaction that removes an amino group (NH2) from a drug molecule, replacing it with a carbonyl group (C=O).

A metabolic reaction that adds a hydroxyl group (OH) to an aromatic ring structure within a drug molecule.

A metabolic reaction that introduces an oxygen atom into a sulfur-containing drug molecule, converting it to a sulfoxide.

A metabolic reaction that converts a phosphorothioate group (PS) in a drug molecule to a phosphate group (PO).

A metabolic reaction that removes an alkyl group (R) attached to a nitrogen atom in a drug molecule.

An enzyme responsible for oxidizing alcohols to aldehydes or ketones in drug metabolism.

An inactive drug that is converted to a pharmacologically active form by metabolism.

A prodrug that is metabolized to sulfanilamide, an antibacterial drug.

Drugs that are metabolically stable and resist degradation, often due to their highly hydrophilic nature.

Highly hydrophilic drugs like saccharine, enalaprilate, lisinopril, and cromolyn are resistant to metabolism.

Chemicals that are easily soluble in fats and oils, making them difficult to dissolve in water. Examples include some pesticides and insecticides.

Drugs that undergo predictable metabolism in the body, breaking down into non-toxic products after they achieve their therapeutic effect.

The fraction of a drug that reaches the general circulation after administration, indicating how much of the drug is available for action.

Various factors like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) influence how much of a drug reaches the circulation.

The first stage of drug metabolism often involves adding or exposing functional groups to the drug molecule, making it more polar and easier to eliminate.

A major group of enzymes involved in phase I drug metabolism, particularly oxidation reactions. Found in liver cells.

The second stage of drug metabolism involves conjugating (joining) drug molecules with other compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete.

Enzymes that use oxygen (O2) to add an oxygen atom to a drug molecule during metabolism.

A major pathway of drug metabolism, involving cytochrome P450 enzymes. These enzymes catalyze a variety of oxidation reactions, including hydroxylation, dealkylation, and oxidative deamination. These reactions often increase the polarity of the drug molecule, making it easier to eliminate from the body.

A metabolic reaction that adds a hydroxyl group (OH) to a drug molecule. This increases the polarity of the drug molecule, making it easier to eliminate. This reaction is commonly catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Drug molecules containing halogen atoms (e.g., chlorine, bromine) attached to an aliphatic (non-aromatic) carbon chain. These drugs are often subject to metabolic transformations, including oxidation reactions, which can alter their activity or stability.

The changes that drugs undergo in the body. These transformations can involve various chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation, and can affect the activity, duration of action, and elimination of the drug.

'SG' stands for 'glutathione S-transferase.' It's an enzyme involved in the detoxification of styrene epoxide by attaching glutathione, forming a mercapturic acid derivative.

Styrene epoxide is a highly reactive intermediate that can bind covalently to proteins, potentially causing damage and disrupting cellular functions.

The reaction of styrene epoxide with glutathione (major pathway) detoxifies it, while direct covalent binding to proteins (minor pathway) can be harmful.

Diethylstilbestrol's ring system undergoes hydroxylation, producing an epoxide intermediate. This epoxide can either be detoxified or undergo ring expansion.

Ring expansion in diethylstilbestrol's metabolism leads to the formation of an oxirene, a highly reactive molecule that can potentially cause damage.

Aromatic hydroxylation can lead to the formation of reactive intermediates that can bind covalently to macromolecules like proteins and DNA, causing potential harm.

'M' represents various macromolecules like proteins, DNA, and others. These macromolecules can be targets for the reactive intermediates formed during aromatic hydroxylation.

Styrene epoxide can either react with glutathione, leading to detoxification, or bind covalently to proteins, causing potential damage.

The epoxide formed during diethylstilbestrol's metabolism can either be detoxified or undergo ring expansion, forming a more reactive and potentially damaging oxirene.

Aromatic hydroxylation is a crucial reaction in drug metabolism because it can lead to the formation of reactive intermediates that can bind to macromolecules like proteins and DNA, potentially altering their function.

The breakdown of sulfur-containing compounds with a -SH group (thiol).

The processing of molecules containing a sulfur atom linked to two carbon atoms (-S-).

The transformation of molecules with a carbon double-bonded to a sulfur atom (C=S).

A metabolic reaction that removes sulfur atoms from molecules.

A group of reactions catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 enzymes, often involving adding oxygen to a molecule.

The metabolism of oxisuran, an immunosuppressive drug, involves S-oxidation.

The break down of thioridazine (antipsychotic) involves S-oxidation, producing sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives.

The metabolism of thiopental (anesthesia) involves oxidative desulfurization, removing sulfur and turning it into pentobarbital.

Drugs can undergo various phase I metabolic reactions, including S-oxidation, hydroxylation, demethylation, and oxidation.

Alcohol (ethanol) is broken down to acetic acid in a series of steps, involving enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.

Benzodiazepines (anxiety drugs) are broken down through various phase I reactions, including oxidation, dealkylation, and deamination.

Metabolic reactions that remove halogen atoms (like chlorine or bromine) from molecules.

The breakdown of halothane (anesthesia) involves dehalogenation, which can lead to protein binding and side effects.