18 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a galenical dosage form?
Injections
What is the primary purpose of adjuvants in pharmaceutical formulations?
All of the above
Which of the following agents are used to prevent microbial growth in pharmaceutical preparations?
Antibacterial agents
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-galenical preparations?
Prepared using aseptic techniques
What is the primary function of buffering agents in pharmaceutical formulations?
To maintain a desired pH range
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of galenical dosage forms?
Prepared using aseptic techniques
What is the purpose of a menstruum in the preparation of galenicals?
To dissolve the active principles in the material
Which term refers to the inert fibrous and insoluble materials remaining after extraction is done?
Marc
What is the main objective of preparing galenicals as per the text?
To preserve the useful constituents of a drug
In the preparation of galenicals, what is meant by comminution?
Particle size reduction of the crude drug
In the general procedure for preparing galenicals, what occurs after comminution of the crude drug?
Addition of the menstruum to the ground material
Which term best describes preparations of liquid, semisolid, or solid consistency from herbal drugs or animal matter?
Extracts
What is the main purpose of diffusion of dissolved active principles through the cell wall to the surrounding menstruum?
To separate the dissolved active principles from the marc
What is the main advantage of using cold water to extract the desired constituents?
It prevents the coagulation of albuminous substances within the drug material.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using hot water to extract the desired constituents?
It may cause inert materials that are extracted to precipitate when the infusion is cooled.
Which of the following is a type of galenical solid dosage form?
Resins
What is the purpose of breaking, slicing, or coarsely powdering the drug material when preparing infusions?
To facilitate solvent penetration
Which of the following is a type of non-aqueous galenical dosage form?
Oleaginous dosage forms (oleoresins, infused oils)
Study Notes
Targeted Drug Delivery
- Improves selectivity of drug action
- Overcomes unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties, such as rapid metabolism or elimination
- Enhances drug efficacy
- Improves drug tolerability and decreases toxicity
Classification of Preparations
- Galenicals: pharmaceutical preparations obtained by macerating or percolating crude drugs with a solvent to remove desired principles
- Examples of galenicals: decoctions, extracts, fluid extracts, infused oils, infusions, oleoresins, resins, tinctures, and vinegars
- Non-galenicals: sterile and non-sterile preparations
- Sterile preparations: prepared using strict aseptic techniques, e.g. injections, ophthalmic solutions, irrigation solutions
- Non-sterile preparations: oral and topical medications
Galenical Dosage Forms
- Liquid dosage forms: aqueous infusions, decoctions, non-aqueous (alcoholic and oleaginous) dosage forms
- Solid dosage forms: resins
- Infusions: aqueous solutions obtained by soaking vegetable drugs in cold or hot water
- Decoctions: prepared by boiling crude drugs in water
- Maceration: soaking of crude drug in a solvent to extract desired constituents
- Factors affecting maceration: duration, solvent penetration, and temperature
Terms Used in Galenical Preparation
- Menstruum: a solvent used for extraction, e.g. water, alcohol
- Marc: the inert fibrous and other insoluble materials remaining after extraction
- Extracts: preparations of liquid, semisolid, or solid consistency, prepared from dry herbal drugs or animal matter using the appropriate solvents
General Procedure for Galenical Preparation
- Comminution (particle size reduction) of the crude drug
- Addition of the menstruum to the ground material
- Soaking/macerating for a definite time
- Separation of the dissolved active principles from the marc by straining, filtration, or expression
Learn about the benefits of targeted drug delivery including improved selectivity of drug action, overcoming unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, enhanced drug efficacy, and reduced toxicity. Explore the classification based on the method of preparation such as Galenicals.
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