Pharmacology Drug Administration Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential disadvantage of intramuscular drug administration?

  • Needs experienced administration (correct)
  • Pain at injection sites for certain drugs (correct)
  • Bypasses the absorption phase
  • Rapid onset of action

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of the transdermal drug delivery system?

  • Restricted to potent drugs only (correct)
  • Stable blood levels (correct)
  • Immediate onset of action
  • High first-pass metabolism

What effect does concurrent administration of a vasoconstrictor have on drug absorption?

  • Increases absorption rate
  • Completely inhibits absorption
  • No effect on absorption
  • Slows absorption (correct)

Which is a significant risk associated with intravenous drug administration?

<p>Risk of embolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using inhalation for drug delivery?

<p>Rapid access to circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic disadvantage of subcutaneous drug administration?

<p>Absorption is limited by blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as any substance that changes biological function through its chemical action?

<p>Drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of drugs?

<p>Homemade solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dose' refer to in pharmacology?

<p>Amount to be administered at one time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the mechanism of action of a drug?

<p>How the drug exerts its action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best represents an exogenous substance?

<p>Pharmaceuticals introduced to the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'therapeutic effects'?

<p>The desired results of a treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an adverse effect of a drug?

<p>Harmful and undesired effects accompanying therapeutic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a receptor?

<p>A cellular macromolecule that binds with drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a drug's indication?

<p>To show reasons for administering it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agent is usually derived from environmental sources and can be harmful?

<p>Xenobiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacology as defined in the content?

<p>The interaction of drugs with living systems through chemical processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question is NOT addressed by pharmacologists according to the content?

<p>What historical events influenced modern pharmacology? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of drug metabolism is emphasized in the content?

<p>Biochemical aspects related to pharmaceutical principles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major concern for pharmacologists mentioned in the content?

<p>How drugs act at the cellular and molecular level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the origin of the word 'pharmacology' as provided in the content?

<p>Pharmakon, meaning drug or remedy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of pharmacology according to the content provided?

<p>The effects of drugs on specific body systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of courses does Dr. Amira Badr coordinate?

<p>Pharmacology courses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which locations are Dr. Amira Badr's office hours held?

<p>In the male and female campuses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the email format required for student inquiries according to the content?

<p>[COURSE CODE] Student ID- Question (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication in medical terminology?

<p>Factors that prevent the use of a medication or treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)?

<p>Inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in human cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about drug interactions?

<p>They can occur with food, other drugs, or certain diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an adverse effect of aspirin?

<p>Gastrointestinal ulcerations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug can be obtained without a prescription?

<p>Over-the-counter drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the U.S. Adopted Names Council (USAN) in drug nomenclature?

<p>They establish generic names for medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the route of administration affect a drug?

<p>It influences the duration of action of the drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of pharmacodynamics in drug studies?

<p>The interactions between drugs and their targets in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interactions may lead to decreased levels of aspirin in the body?

<p>Antacids and corticosteroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a trade name in pharmaceuticals?

<p>The name selected and marketed exclusively by the manufacturer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of sublingual drug administration?

<p>Potent drugs are often required (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the first-pass effect?

<p>Initial transport to the liver via the portal vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons oral drug administration can be considered inefficient?

<p>Absorption can vary due to gastrointestinal factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the systemic drug bioavailability (F) determined?

<p>By the extent of absorption multiplied by the extraction ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of oral drug administration?

<p>It allows for rapid absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by sublingual and rectal drug administration?

<p>They both completely avoid first-pass metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly used route of drug administration poses a significant issue for patients who are nauseous or vomiting?

<p>Oral administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of the first-pass effect on systemic drug availability?

<p>Reduced amount of the drug reaching systemic circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios makes rectal drug administration desirable?

<p>For patients who are unconscious or vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about drug absorption through the rectal mucosa is true?

<p>It occurs by passive diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of how drugs interact with living organisms at the chemical level. It explores how drugs affect the body and how the body responds to drugs.

Drug Metabolism

The biochemical processes involved in the breakdown and transformation of drugs within the body.

Drug Action

The process by which a drug reaches its target site and exerts its effects.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

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Drug

A substance used to prevent or treat disease or to alter a physiological function.

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Therapeutic Pharmacology

The field of pharmacology that focuses on the use of drugs to treat and prevent disease.

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Toxicology

The field of pharmacology that examines the adverse effects of drugs.

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Pharmaceutical Chemistry

The branch of pharmacology that focuses on the development and study of new drugs.

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Clinical Pharmacology

The branch of pharmacology that investigates the relationship between drug dosage and its effects.

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Drug-X Interaction

A substance that affects the activity of a drug when administered together.

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Contraindication

Factors that prevent the use of a medication or treatment. For example, pregnancy.

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Chemical Name

The name given to a drug based on its chemical structure. Helps distinguish it from other drugs.

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Generic Name

A shorter name for a drug, chosen by the pharmaceutical company and approved by a council.

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Trade Name (Brand Name)

The brand name chosen by the manufacturer, often trademarked.

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What is a drug?

Any substance that changes the biological function through its chemical action. This includes endogenous substances like hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as exogenous substances like pharmaceuticals and environmental toxins.

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What is a receptor?

A cellular macromolecule, typically a protein or nucleic acid, in the plasma membrane or inside a target cell, where a drug or ligand binds to initiate its effect.

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What is a dose?

The amount of a substance administered at a single time. It determines the strength and intensity of the drug's effect.

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What is an indication?

The reasons for administering a medication or performing a treatment. This includes the specific disease or condition it's addressing.

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What is the mechanism of action?

How a substance exerts its action, describing the specific biochemical process involved.

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What are therapeutic effects?

The desired and intended effects of a drug, like pain relief or blood pressure control.

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What are adverse effects?

Harmful and undesired effects that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effects. These can range from mild to severe.

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What is a synthetic or chemical substance drug?

These are drugs developed in laboratories using chemical synthesis. This includes many modern medications.

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What is a plant-derived drug?

These originate from plants and include traditional remedies and herbal medicines.

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What is an animal-derived drug?

These drugs are derived from animals, including hormones and other substances.

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What is intravenous (IV) drug administration?

Administration of drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the absorption phase (100% bioavailability). Provides almost immediate action and allows for large quantities to be given.

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What is intramuscular (IM) drug administration?

Involves injecting a drug directly into a skeletal muscle. Provides a faster absorption rate compared to subcutaneous administration.

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What is intrathecal drug administration?

The delivery of a drug into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This route allows for a direct effect on the central nervous system.

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What is subcutaneous (SC) drug administration?

A method of drug delivery where the drug is absorbed from the subcutaneous tissues. This route provides a slower but consistent absorption compared to intravenous or intramuscular administration.

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What is inhalation drug administration?

A method for administering drugs using the respiratory system. Involves inhaling medications in the form of gases, vapors, or aerosols.

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What is mucosal drug administration?

A method where drugs are applied to mucosal membranes such as those found in the eyes, nose, vagina, ear or rectum, allowing for localized or systemic effects.

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Enteral Administration

Drugs are placed directly into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the mouth, rectum, or under the tongue.

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Parenteral Administration

Drugs are administered through a route other than the GI tract, such as injection, inhalation, or topical application.

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First-Pass Effect

The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream from the GI tract, but before reaching systemic circulation, the drug passes through the liver.

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Bioavailability (F)

The fraction of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.

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Extraction Ratio (ER)

A measure of the extent to which a drug is absorbed and eliminated by the liver during its first passage through the liver.

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Sublingual Administration

A rapid absorption route where the drug is placed under the tongue.

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Oral Administration

A common administration route where the drug is swallowed.

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Rectal Administration

A route where the drug is administered into the rectum.

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Why is rectal administration preferred?

The main purpose of administering a drug through the rectal route is to bypass the first-pass effect.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral Administration

Advantages include ease of administration, relatively safe, and suitable for unconscious patients. Disadvantages include potential for inefficient absorption, first-pass effect, and irritation to gastric mucosa.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course name: PHARM 225
  • Instructor: Dr. Amira Badr
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Male campus location: 2A 115
  • Female campus location: 5

General Rules

  • Office hours: Sunday and Tuesday, 1:00 PM - 1:00 PM

  • Course coordinator: Dr. Amira Badr

  • Email for questions: [email protected]

  • Format for emails: [PHARM-225] Student ID - Question

  • Include Student ID and question in email

  • Grading breakdown (percentages):

    • Assignment (08/02/2024): 8%
    • Active participation in the lecture: 2%
    • First midterm exam (DD Month, YYYY): 25% (7th Week)
    • Second midterm exam (DD Month, YYYY): 25%(14th Week)
    • Final Exam (DD Month, YYYY): 40%
    • Total: 100%

References

  • Specific pharmacology textbooks are listed. Note the full titles and authors of each text

Objectives

  • Demonstrate basic pharmacology principles, including drug action, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism, relative to pharmaceutical principles.

What is Pharmacology?

  • Pharmacology studies how drugs interact with living systems through chemical processes, regulating their function.
  • Pharmacology aims to understand:
    • How drugs affect specific body systems (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous).
    • Drug mechanisms of action at cellular and molecular levels.
    • Toxicity and adverse effects of drugs.
    • The body's defense mechanisms against drugs and foreign chemicals.
    • Factors explaining why drugs vary in effectiveness among individuals.

Pharmacology Language

  • Drug: any substance altering biological function chemically. Can be endogenous (from within the body, like hormones) or exogenous (from outside the body).
  • Deals with:
    • Legal and illegal drugs
    • Prescription medications
    • Over-the-counter medications
  • Used in:
    • diagnosis
    • prevention of disease
    • treatment

Pharmacology Language (Sources for Drugs)

  • Drugs are derived from multiple sources
    • Plants
    • Animals
    • Minerals
    • Synthetic or chemical substances produced in labs (derived from chemical compounds)

Pharmacology Language (Receptors)

  • Receptors: are macromolecules found on (or inside) cells, which a drug (or another molecule) binds to initiate its effects. Examples are proteins and nucleic acids.

Pharmacology Language (Dosage and Considerations)

  • Dose: the amount of substance to be given at one time.
  • Indication: explains reasons for administering a substance
  • Mechanism of action: describes how a substance exerts its effect.
  • Therapeutic effects: the desired results of a drug.
  • Adverse effects/side effects: the harmful or undesired effects that occur alongside desired effects.
  • Drug-X Interactions: explain how one drug, disease, food item, or another substance may alter a drug's effects
  • Contraindications: factors that stop use of a medication/treatment

Pharmacology Language (Examples)

  • Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) : Aspirin -Indication (use) -Mechanism of Action -Therapeutic Effects -Adverse Effects -Drug interactions

Prescription vs. Non-Prescription Drugs

  • Prescription Drugs: need a valid prescription to acquire
  • Over-the-counter (OTC) Drugs: may be bought without a prescription.

Drug Names

  • Chemical Names are used to identify the substance's structure
  • Generic (non-proprietary/non-brand) Names: assigned by organizations like the U.S. Adopted Names Council (USAN)
  • Trade names (brand names) are used by particular manufacturers for drugs that are protected by trademarks.

Medical Use: Formularies

  • BNF 86 (British National Formulary): Formulary covering medications used in the British National Health Service. Covers periods from September 2023 to March 2024

From Discovery to Market

  • A graphical representation of the stages a new chemical compound goes through to become a commercially available drug, showing time (on Y-axis) and the number of potential chemical entities (on X-axis) during research stages.

How Pharmacology is Studied

  • Addresses the study of drug use and effects:
    • Administration
    • Pharmaceutical aspects: disintegration of drugs
    • Pharmacokinectics (ADME): absorption,distribution, metabolism, excretion
    • Pharmacodynamics: mechanism by which drugs produce their effects (like receptor interactions)
    • Pharmacotherapeutics: effect/response of drugs in treating diseases.

Routes of Drug Administration

  • Enteral routes: medication absorption via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract - Sublingual: placed under the tongue - Oral: swallowing - Rectal: placed into the rectum
  • Parenteral routes: bypassing the GI tract - Intravascular (IV): directly into the bloodstream - Intramuscular (IM): into skeletal muscles - Subcutaneous (SC): beneath the skin
  • Inhalation route: administration via lungs
  • Topical route: administration directly onto skin/membranes, etc

Specific Route Details (Advantages & Disadvantages)

  • Specific details are given for sublingual/buccal, oral, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, topical drug administration. (advantages & disadvantages)

  • First-pass Effect: detailed description of the first-pass effect and how it impacts bioavailability (the extent to which a drug reaches systemic circulation). Mathematical formula for this calculation is included, relating to extraction ratio.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various drug administration methods including intramuscular, transdermal, intravenous, and inhalation techniques. This quiz covers the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as their effects on drug absorption and delivery. Perfect for pharmacy students and healthcare professionals!

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