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Questions and Answers
What factor significantly affects the absorption rate of a drug?
What factor significantly affects the absorption rate of a drug?
What is an example of a secondary unintended drug effect?
What is an example of a secondary unintended drug effect?
Which route of administration bypasses absorption through cell membranes?
Which route of administration bypasses absorption through cell membranes?
What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
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What is required for a drug to be absorbed effectively after administration?
What is required for a drug to be absorbed effectively after administration?
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What role does plasma protein binding have in drug distribution?
What role does plasma protein binding have in drug distribution?
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Which condition may increase the toxicity potential of a medication?
Which condition may increase the toxicity potential of a medication?
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In which organ does the metabolism of most drugs typically occur?
In which organ does the metabolism of most drugs typically occur?
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What factor is NOT critical for patient compliance when taking medication?
What factor is NOT critical for patient compliance when taking medication?
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In which type of drug interaction do two drugs have effects that are equal to the effect of each drug alone?
In which type of drug interaction do two drugs have effects that are equal to the effect of each drug alone?
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What can happen to a patient with liver disease concerning drug metabolism?
What can happen to a patient with liver disease concerning drug metabolism?
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Which of the following transports most drugs across cell membranes?
Which of the following transports most drugs across cell membranes?
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What is a potential solution for adverse effects from a drug?
What is a potential solution for adverse effects from a drug?
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How does the degree of ionization impact a drug's ability to pass through cell membranes?
How does the degree of ionization impact a drug's ability to pass through cell membranes?
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What genetic variation can affect drug metabolism?
What genetic variation can affect drug metabolism?
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Which type of drug interaction occurs when drugs physically alter each other when mixed?
Which type of drug interaction occurs when drugs physically alter each other when mixed?
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What is the primary focus of pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacokinetics?
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Which term describes the percentage of the drug dosage that is available for biological use?
Which term describes the percentage of the drug dosage that is available for biological use?
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What best defines an idiosyncratic response to a drug?
What best defines an idiosyncratic response to a drug?
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What is the significance of half-life in pharmacology?
What is the significance of half-life in pharmacology?
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What describes a teratogenic effect of a drug?
What describes a teratogenic effect of a drug?
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Which option accurately defines a toxic effect of a drug?
Which option accurately defines a toxic effect of a drug?
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What is the essence of posology in pharmacology?
What is the essence of posology in pharmacology?
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What indicates a blood drug level?
What indicates a blood drug level?
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What characterizes dose-dependent effects of drugs?
What characterizes dose-dependent effects of drugs?
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Which of the following best describes an allergen?
Which of the following best describes an allergen?
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What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?
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What type of reaction is anaphylaxis categorized as?
What type of reaction is anaphylaxis categorized as?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with an allergic reaction?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with an allergic reaction?
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What does rhinitis refer to?
What does rhinitis refer to?
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Which condition is described as inflammation of the skin with burning and vesicles?
Which condition is described as inflammation of the skin with burning and vesicles?
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Which statement about histamine is accurate?
Which statement about histamine is accurate?
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What is the primary function of the H1-receptor?
What is the primary function of the H1-receptor?
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Which of the following accurately describes antihistamines?
Which of the following accurately describes antihistamines?
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What advantage do 2nd generation antihistamines have over 1st generation antihistamines?
What advantage do 2nd generation antihistamines have over 1st generation antihistamines?
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Which side effect is more common with 1st generation antihistamines?
Which side effect is more common with 1st generation antihistamines?
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What does xerostomia refer to?
What does xerostomia refer to?
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Which combination increases sedation when taking antihistamines?
Which combination increases sedation when taking antihistamines?
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What is a common side effect of both generations of antihistamines?
What is a common side effect of both generations of antihistamines?
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What effect do antiallergic drugs have on mast cells?
What effect do antiallergic drugs have on mast cells?
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What is a notable characteristic of Ethanolamines in terms of their side effects?
What is a notable characteristic of Ethanolamines in terms of their side effects?
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Which of the following is an example of a Second Generation Antihistamine?
Which of the following is an example of a Second Generation Antihistamine?
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What is a primary mechanism of action for Mast Cell Stabilizers?
What is a primary mechanism of action for Mast Cell Stabilizers?
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Which first generation antihistamine is often prescribed for puritis/urticaria-related reactions?
Which first generation antihistamine is often prescribed for puritis/urticaria-related reactions?
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What type of treatments can Cromolyn Sodium be used for?
What type of treatments can Cromolyn Sodium be used for?
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Which of the following antihistamines is noted as having the highest potential for CNS stimulation?
Which of the following antihistamines is noted as having the highest potential for CNS stimulation?
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How is Cromolyn Sodium commonly administered for allergic conjunctivitis?
How is Cromolyn Sodium commonly administered for allergic conjunctivitis?
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Which statement is true regarding First Generation Antihistamines?
Which statement is true regarding First Generation Antihistamines?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Definitions
- Pharmacology: The study of drugs.
- Site of Action: The location within the body where a drug exerts its effect.
- Mechanism of Action: How a drug produces its effect.
- Receptor Site: The specific point of drug attachment on a cell membrane to initiate biochemical changes.
- Agonist: Drugs that bind to receptor sites to produce a drug action.
- Antagonist: Drugs that bind to receptor sites but do not produce a drug action, acting as a barrier.
- Affinity: The degree of attraction or attachment between a drug and a receptor site.
- Dose-Response Curve: A graph showing the relationship between drug dose and the resulting response to predict safe doses.
- Time-Response Curve: The relationship between drug response and the duration of action, onset, and termination.
- Half-Life: The time it takes for half of the original drug dose to be eliminated from the body.
- Bioavailability: The percentage of a drug dosage absorbed and available for use.
- Blood Drug Level/Concentration: The amount of drug present in the blood plasma.
- Drug Action: The drug's activity at the cellular (binding) site.
- Drug Effect: The biological effect of a drug in the body (therapeutic, side, adverse, or toxic).
Drug Effect Terminology
-
Therapeutic Effect: The desired effect for which the drug is prescribed.
- Curative: Cures a disease or condition (e.g., antibiotics).
- Palliative: Relieves symptoms without affecting the disease progression (e.g., analgesics).
- Chemotherapeutic: Destroys malignant cells (e.g., cancer treatment).
- Restorative: Returns the body to health (e.g., vitamins).
- Cumulative Effect: Drug build-up in the body, often due to impaired excretion.
- Local Effect: An effect limited to the area where the drug is applied (e.g., local anesthetics).
- Systemic Effect: An effect that occurs throughout the body (e.g., systemic antibiotics).
- Drug Tolerance: A decreased physiological response to a drug, requiring increased dosage for the same effect.
- Allergic Reaction: An immunological response to a drug.
- Idiosyncratic Response: An unexpected and individual response to a drug.
- Toxic Effect: A harmful or damaging effect of a drug.
- Teratogenic Effect: Drug-induced fetal malformation or birth defects.
- Iatrogenic Effect: A disease or condition caused by medical treatment itself.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: The movement of a drug into the bloodstream.
- Distribution: The spread of a drug throughout various tissues and organs.
- Metabolism: The process where the body chemically alters a drug to be eliminated.
- Excretion: The removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body.
Drug Metabolism
- Factors affecting metabolism include drug formulation, solubility, and ionization.
- Metabolism, primarily in the liver, converts drugs to more easily excreted forms (sometimes via the cytochrome P450 system).
- Interactions with other drugs may increase or decrease metabolism rates.
- Liver disease can affect drug metabolism.
Drug Excretion
- Renal Excretion: Removal of water-soluble metabolites or drugs via the kidneys.
- GI Excretion: Elimination of unabsorbed drugs in feces.
- Respiratory Excretion: Removal of some drugs, mostly inhaled gases.
Blood Drug Levels
- Measuring blood drug levels can assess therapeutic range and prevent toxicity.
- This is especially important for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index.
Other
- Drug Interactions: Effects of one drug on another, leading to altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion.
- Incompatibility: Physical alteration of drugs when mixed.
- Additive Effect: Combination effect equals individual effects of each drug.
- Summation Effect: Combination effect equals individual effects of each drug with different mechanisms.
- Synergistic Effect: Combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects.
- Antagonistic Effect: Combined effect is less than the sum of individual effects.
- Potentiation: A drug with no effect enhances the effect of a second drug.
- Side Effects: Minor effects that do not typically harm a patient, but that might affect treatment compliance.
- Toxic Effects: Adverse effects that are harmful or life-threatening.
- Adverse Effects: Harmful effects that can range from mild to severe, may occur even with correct dosage and regimen, often not dose dependent.
Terminology Related to Allergies, Antihistamines and Allergens
- Allergy: An immune system overreaction to an allergen.
- Allergen: A substance that triggers an allergic reaction.
- Antigen: The part of an allergen that causes an immune response.
- Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system to fight allergens.
- Histamine: A chemical that causes allergic symptoms.
- Antihistamine: A drug used to block histamine action.
- Antiallergic: A drug used to prevent allergic reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key pharmacology terms and concepts. This quiz covers important definitions such as site of action, mechanism of action, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of pharmacology.
