Pharmacology concepts
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Questions and Answers

An attenuated response to a drug, necessitating a higher dosage to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, is best described as what?

  • Tolerant (correct)
  • Toxic
  • Therapeutic
  • Subtherapeutic

A medication level of 0.45 ng/mL is considered what, when the therapeutic level of a drug is considered to be 0.5 to 2 ng/mL?

  • Tolerant
  • Toxic
  • Subtherapeutic (correct)
  • Therapeutic

Why are infants more susceptible to increased drug absorption compared to adults?

  • Infants have increased protein-binding capacity.
  • Infants have decreased skin permeability.
  • Infants have increased gastric emptying. (correct)
  • Infants have decreased cardiac output.

What type of drug formulation is generally considered easiest to administer to a toddler?

<p>Liquid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment in dosage of protein-binding drugs would need to be made, due to the decreased protein-binding capacity in preterm infants?

<p>The dosage should be decreased. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should pregnant women avoid drugs, alcohol, and tobacco?

<p>The fetus is exposed to substances in the mother’s blood, some of which can be harmful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes teratogens?

<p>Drugs that cause abnormal development of fetal tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended that breastfeeding mothers take medication immediately after breastfeeding or just before the infant's longest sleeping period?

<p>To minimize the concentration of the drug in breast milk during feeding times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pharmacogenetics improve drug therapy?

<p>By understanding how inherited differences affect drug response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monoclonal antibodies exemplify which advancement in medicine?

<p>Medicines that are synthesized to attack certain types of cancers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an overweight patient require an increased drug dosage compared to a patient of average weight?

<p>The drug is more diluted across a larger body mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with kidney failure may require a lower drug dosage due to alterations in which pharmacokinetic process?

<p>Excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a patient's positive expectations influence the outcome of a drug therapy?

<p>Positive expectations can improve the drug's effectiveness, known as the placebo effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of drug tolerance?

<p>A decreased sensitivity to a drug, requiring higher dosages to achieve the same effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between physiological and psychological drug dependence?

<p>Physiological dependence involves withdrawal symptoms, while psychological dependence involves emotional attachment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does cumulative drug effect increase the risk of drug toxicity?

<p>The drug is absorbed faster than it is metabolized or excreted, leading to an increased concentration of the drug in the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does slower gastric emptying time in premature infants affect drug absorption?

<p>It increases drug absorption due to prolonged contact time with the GI tract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is intramuscular (IM) absorption erratic in neonates?

<p>Decreased muscle mass and unpredictable blood flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes predicting transdermal drug absorption difficult in geriatric patients?

<p>Unpredictable changes in skin thickness and integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the difference in gastric emptying time between men and women potentially affect drug absorption?

<p>Women may experience prolonged drug absorption due to slower gastric emptying. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do infants often require a higher drug dose on a mg/kg basis compared to adults?

<p>Infants have higher total body water content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do age-related changes in liver function affect drug metabolism in older adults?

<p>Reduced liver blood flow and decreased liver cell mass slow down drug metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reduced renal blood flow in geriatric patients affect drug excretion?

<p>It slows down filtration and excretion of drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is therapeutic drug monitoring particularly essential in neonates and infants?

<p>To maintain drug levels within a safe and effective range due to developmental differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to relate normal values for monitoring parameters and laboratory tests to the age of the patient being monitored?

<p>Age-related physiological changes can affect the interpretation of results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Subtherapeutic Drug Level

A drug level below the therapeutic range, potentially ineffective.

Teratogens

Drugs that can cause abnormal fetal development.

Genome

Complete package of genetic coding of an organism.

Pharmacogenetics

Study of inherited differences in drug response.

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Fat-Soluble (Infants)

Infants absorb this type of topical drug more readily.

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Decreased Dosage (Preterm)

Dosage adjustment needed for protein-binding drugs in preterm infants.

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Liquid Medication (Toddlers)

Form of medication easier for toddlers to take.

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Avoid Drugs (Pregnancy)

Drugs should be avoided during pregnancy if possible.

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Discuss Medications (Breastfeeding)

Discuss all medications with a healthcare provider.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

Drugs synthesized to attack certain types of cancers.

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Age-Related Drug Sensitivity

Infants and the very old are more sensitive to drug effects due to differences in body composition and organ function.

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Body Weight & Drug Dosage

Overweight patients may need higher drug dosages to achieve the desired therapeutic response.

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Gender & Metabolic Rate

Men and women differ in body systems and disease experiences, influencing drug effects. Metabolic rate affects how quickly drugs are metabolized; higher rate = faster.

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Illness & Drug Response

Pathologic conditions can alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Attitudes and expectations also impact therapy response.

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Placebo/Nocebo Effect

A positive expectation improves outcome; a negative expectation worsens it.

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Drug Tolerance

Needing a higher dosage to achieve the effect once achieved by a lower dose.

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Drug Dependence

Inability to control drug ingestion (physiological) and emotional attachment to a drug (psychological).

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Cumulative Effect

Drug accumulation occurs when the next dose is administered before the previous dose has been metabolized or excreted, potentially leading to toxicity.

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Carcinogenicity

The ability of a drug to cause mutations in living cells, potentially leading to cancer.

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Absorption

The process by which drugs enter the body.

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Age & Absorption

Infants have erratic IM absorption, reduced gastric acidity; geriatric patients have erratic IM absorption, swallowing difficulties, and unpredictable transdermal absorption.

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Distribution

The ways drugs are transported in the body to their sites of action.

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Metabolism

Process where the body inactivates medications, primarily in the liver. Affected by age, genetics, smoking, diet, other medications, and liver disorders.

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Excretion

The process by which drugs and their metabolites are removed from the body.

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Measuring drug concentration in blood to adjust dosage and frequency, especially important in neonates, infants, and children.

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