Pharmacology Class Quiz

Anti-inflammatory Agents

• Salicylates (Aspirin):

  • Used for mild to moderate pain and inflammatory conditions.
  • Reduces risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI).
  • Caution: Bleeding disorders, Reye's syndrome, impaired renal function, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome, acidosis.

• NSAIDs (Ibuprofen):

  • Relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and mild to moderate pain.
  • Reduces fever.
  • Caution: Cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, hypertension (HTN), renal/hepatic dysfunction, headache, dizziness, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, blood dyscrasias (BMS), constipation.

• NSAIDs (Acetaminophen):

  • Relieves mild to moderate pain, cold/flu symptoms, and musculoskeletal pain.
  • Caution: Chronic alcoholism, rash, fever, liver toxicity/failure, blood dyscrasias (BMS).

Antiarthritis

• Gold Compounds (Auranofin):
  • Used in adults with rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Caution: Diabetes, congestive heart failure (CHF), hypertension (HTN), renal/hepatic dysfunction, blood dyscrasias (BMS), renal toxicity, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis.

TNF Blockers (Entanercept)

• ↓ s/s rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing Spondylitis, plaque psoriasis
• Caution: Acute infection, cancer, sepsis, MI, failure, HTN
• Made from Chinese hamster ovary products
• Teratogenic

Antigout

• Colchicine:
  • Treats gout flares.
  • Caution: Renal/hepatic dysfunction, GI upset, rhabdomyolysis, blood dyscrasias.

Immune Stimulants

• Interferons (Interferon Alfa-2b):

  • Treats hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, AIDS sarcoma, chronic hepatitis B+C.
  • Caution: Cardiovascular (CV) disease, myelosuppression, Central Nervous System (CNS) effects, anorexia, skin discoloration, blood dyscrasias (BMS), flu-like symptoms.

• Interleukins (Aldesleukin):

  • Treats metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma
  • Caution: Escherichia coli (E. Coli) products, pregnancy, renal/liver/cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, central nervous system (CNS) effects, blood dyscrasias (BMS), sinus tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypotension, dizziness, gastrointestinal (GI) bleed.

Colony Stimulating Factors (Filgrastim)

• Use for infection risk for chemo patients, bone marrow transplants
• Caution: E. Coli products, headache, fatigue, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, bone pain

Immune Suppresants

• T+B Cell Suppressors (Cyclosporine):
  • Prevents rejection for organ transplants, treats rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer
  • Caution: Teratogenic, cancer, tremors, hypertension, gingival hyperplasia, blood dyscrasias (BMS), acidosis.

Monoclonal Clonal Antibodies (Bevacizumab)

• Treats metastatic colorectal cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, cervical/ovarian cancer
• Caution: Fever, teratogenic
• GI perforations, headaches, hemorrhages

Vaccines

• Active immunity: Immune system protects against pathogens.
• Passive immunity: Body receives immunity from another source (breast milk, medication)
• MMR Vaccine (protection against measles, mumps, and rubella)
• Fever, rash, injection site irritation, high fever

Antibiotics

• Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin):

  • Treats serious infections from susceptible bacteria.
  • Caution: Nephrotoxic, renal disease, preexisting hearing loss, hypersensitivity, sinusitis, dizziness, fever, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity.

• Carbapenems (Ertapenem):

  • Treats community-acquired pneumonia, gastrointestinal (GI) infections, and skin infections.
  • Caution: Poor renal function, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, pseudomembranous colitis.

• Cephalosporins (Cefaclor):

  • Treats respiratory, dermatologic, urinary tract, and middle ear infections.
  • Caution: Allergy to penicillin, hepatic renal impairment, nausea, vomiting, superinfection, blood dyscrasias (BMS), rash.

• Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin):

  • Treats respiratory, dermatologic, urinary tract infections (UTIs), ear, eye, bone/joint infections, anthrax, and typhoid fever.
  • Caution: Tendonitis, tendon rupture, central nervous system (CNS) effects, headache, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, fever.

• Penicillins (Amoxicillin):

  • Treats infections from susceptible/bacteria, Helicobacter infection.
  • Caution: Penicillin allergy. nausea, vomiting, glossitis, blood dyscrasias (BMS), lethargy.

• Sulfonamides (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/Cotrimoxazole):

  • Treats urinary tract infections (UTIs), acute otitis media, chronic bronchitis, and traveler's diarrhea.
  • Caution: Older adults, kidney stones, teratogenic, nausea, vomiting, hepatocellular necrosis, hematuria, hyperkalemia, blood dyscrasias (BMS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).

• Tetracyclines (Tetracycline):

  • Treats susceptible bacterial infections, acne, and counteracts penicillin use.
  • Caution: Teeth discoloration in children under 8, nausea, vomiting, glossitis, blood dyscrasias (BMS).

• Leprostatic drugs (Isoniazid):

  • Treats tuberculosis (TB) and prevention in family members.
  • Caution: Severe renal/hepatic disease, peripheral neuropathy, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias (BMS), hepatitis, gynecomastia.

• Lincosamides (Clindamycin):

  • Treats serious infections.
  • Caution: Hepatic impairment, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias (BMS), pseudomembranous colitis.

• Lipoglycopeptides (Vancomycin):

  • Treats septicemia, infective endocarditis, skin infections, bone infections, and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs).
  • Caution: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, hypokalemia.

Other Drugs

• Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (Nevirapine):

  • HIV treatment.
  • N/V, liver dysfunction, chills, fever.

• Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (Zidovudine):

  • Symptomatic HIV.
  • Caution: Renal dysfunction, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias (BMS), insomnia, fever.

• Protease Inhibitors (Fosamprenavir):

  • Symptomatic HIV.
  • Caution: Hepatic dysfunction, mood changes, nausea, vomiting, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), redistribution of body fat.

• Fusion Inhibitor (Enfuvirtide):

  • HIV treatment for immunological deterioration.
  • Caution: Lung disease, teratogenic, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, pneumonia, chills.

• CCR5 Coreceptor (Maraviroc):

  • Treats CCR5-tropic HIV infection.
  • Caution: Liver disease, cardiovascular (CV) disease, paresthesia, hepatotoxicity, upper respiratory infection, musculoskeletal symptoms, fever.

• Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor (Raltegravir):

  • Resistant HIV.
  • Rhabdomyolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), nausea, vomiting, fever.

• Anti-hep B agent (Adefovir):

  • Chronic HBV treatment.
  • Caution: Renal/hepatic disease, hepatomegaly, nephrotoxicity, lactic acidosis, weakness.

• Azoles (Fluconazole):

  • Treats oropharyngeal, esophageal, vaginal, and cryptococcal meningitis, systemic fungal infections.
  • Caution: Liver/renal disease, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rash.

• Topical Antifungal (Clotrimazole):

  • Treats oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and athlete's foot.
  • Stinging, burning, irritation (in sexual partner).

• Antimalarial (Chloroquine):

  • Treats/prophylaxis of malaria.
  • Caution: Renal/hepatic impairment, visual/auditory disturbances, hypotension, nausea, vomiting.

• Other (Metronidazole):

  • Treats intestinal parasites, trichomoniasis.
  • Caution: Teratogenic, compromised central nervous system (CNS), hepatic disease, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, ataxia, seizures, darkened urine (harmless).

• Antihelminitic (Mebendazole):

  • Treats whipworm, pinworm, roundworm, and hookworm infections.
  • Caution: Teratogenic, hepatic disease, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever.

Diuretics

• Thiazide/Thiazide-like (Hydrochlorothiazide):

  • First-line hypertension treatment, hypovolemia, renal disease, GI upset
  • Caution: Orthostatic hypotension

• Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol):

  • Prevents renal failure, ↑ intracranial pressure treatment.
  • Dry mouth, thirst, hypotension

• Potassium Sparing (Spironolactone):

  • Improves survival in heart failure (HF) pts @ risk for hypokalemia.
  • Caution: Hyperkalemia, deepening voice, gynecomastia

• Loop diuretics (Furosemide):

  • Rapid and extensive diuresis for failure/pulmonary edema.
  • Gout, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypokalemia, vertigo.

• Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide):

  • Used in combination with other diuretics, glaucoma treatment.
  • Caution: Pregnancy, renal/hepatic failure, COPD, respiratory acidosis, blood marrow suppression, hypokalemia, tinnitus.

• Other Diuretics

  • Details not included for brevity

Urinary

• UTI Anti-infective (Fosfomycin):
  • Treats uncomplicated UTIs and vaginitis.
  • Dizziness, and nausea
• Anti-spasmodics (Oxybutin):
  • Neurogenic bladder treatment, overactive bladder (overactivity), blurred vision, urinary hesitance, dry mouth, and sweating.
• Urinary Analgesics:
  • Pain relief for UTIs, red urine, GI upset.
• Bladder Protectant (Pentosan polysulfate sodium):
  • For bladder pain with cystitis.
  • Bleeding, alopecia, and GI upset.
• Benign-Prostatic Hyperplasia (Doxazosin):
  • Treats BPH.
  • Sexual dysfunction, palpitations, and vertigo, + Finasteride.

Eyes

• Prostaglandin Analogs (Lantanaprost):
  • Glaucoma treatment.
  • Harmless brown pigmentation.
• Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Timolol):
  • Treats open-angle glaucoma.
  • Minimal adverse effects.
• Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists (Apraclonidine & Brimonidine):
  • Short-term glaucoma treatment, long-term use.
  • Minimal side effects.
• Cholinergic Agonists (Pilocarpine):
  • Emergency treatment for angle-closure glaucoma, and retinal detachment:
  • Lowers intraocular pressure (IOP), blurred vision.
• Cycloplegics + Mydriatics:
  • Paralyze and dilate eye muscles to treat certain conditions.
  • Blurred vision, photophobia

Upper Respiratory

• Antitussives (Dextromethorphan):
  • Reduces cough symptoms.
  • Caution: Pregnancy, head injury.
• Topical Nasal Decongestant (Tetrahydrozoline):
  • Relieves nasal congestion.
  • Caution: Lesions in mouth/nose, pregnancy.
• Oral Decongestants (Pseudophedrine/Phenylephrine):
  • Relieves nasal congestion, and treats otitis media.
  • Caution: Polypharmacy.
• Steroid Nasal Decongestant (Fluisolide):
  • Treats rhinitis or pain relief post-nasal polyp surgery.
    • Caution: Active infection, pregnancy.

Lower Respiratory

• Antihistamines (Diphenhydramine):
  • Treats allergies, allergic rhinitis, and (sometimes) blood transfusions.
  • Caution: Renal/hepatic impairment.
• Expectorants (Guaifenesin):
  • ↑ respiratory fluid output (unproductive coughs).
  • GI upset
• Mucolytics (Acetylcysteine):
  • Liquifies and clears secretions.
  • Caution: Asthma and COPD.
• Bronchodilators (Xanthines [Theophylline]):
  • Relieves asthma, COPD, bronchospasm.
  • Smokers ↑ risk of toxicity & cardiac dysrhythmias.

Sympathomimetics (Allbuterol)

• Rescue treatment for asthma and COPD.
• Restlessness, jitters, paradoxical bronchospasm, respiratory arrest.

Anticholinergics (Ipratropium)

• Maintains bronchodilation (for COPD).
• Can develop tolerance with chronic use.

Inhaled Steroids (Budesonide)

• Prevents and treats asthma.
• Warning: Can worsen infections.

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (Zafir lukast)

• Prophylactic/long-term asthma treatment:
• Caution: Avoid combining with warfarin/theophylline/aspirin, possible suicidal thoughts, and elevated liver enzymes.

Immune Modulators (Omalizumab)

• Severe asthma treatment.
• Caution: Not for acute asthma, not for children under 6, possible upper respiratory infection, anaphylaxis.
• Lung Surfactant (Beractant)
• Treatment for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Gastric Motility

• Chemical Stimulants (Bisacodyl):
  • Short-term constipation treatment.
  • Caution: CAD, blockage, nausea and vomiting.
• Bulk-forming laxatives (Psyllium):
  • Treat constipation.
  • Caution: Don't take with antacids, hypovolemia.
• Osmotic Laxatives (Magnesium Citrate):
  • Treat constipation.
  • Caution: Avoid abdominal surgery patients.
• Lubricants (Docusate):
  • Patients with constipation who shouldn’t strain
• Opioid Antagonists (Methylnaltrexone Bromide):
  • Treats opioid-induced constipation
  • GI upset, muscle spasms, hot flashes.

GI Stimulant (Metoclopramide)

• GI movement treatment for GERD.
• Caution: Do not take with antipsychotics, nausea and vomitting, tardive dyskinesia, Parkinson-like symptoms.
• Anti-diarrheals (Loperamide):
  • Slows GI transit
  • Caution: Distention, toxic megacolon.
• IBS-D drug (Alosetron):
  • Severe IBS-D treatment
• Ischemic colitis

Histamine Antagonists (Cimetidine)

• Short-term treatment for ulcers/GERD.
• Caution: CNS effects (fall risk in older adults), arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, gynecomastia, impotence.

Antacids (Sodium Bicarb.)

• Treats upset stomach/GI bleeding.
  • Caution: Gastric rupture, systemic alkalosis, hypokalemia, acid rebound.

Proton-pump Inhibitors (PPI) (Protonix, Omeprazole)

• Short-term active ulcer/burn/GERD.
• C-Diff, upper respiratory issues, bone loss, hypertension

Prostaglandins (Misoprostol)

• Prevent NSAID ulcers, off-lable abortion for some conditions and N/V
• Digestive Enzymes (Pancrelipase)
• Replaces deficient pancreatic secretions.
• N/V, proteinuria

Antiemetics

• Phenothiazine (Prochlorperazine) -Severe N/V -Caution: Pink/brown urine, extrapyramidal signs, fever, neuroleptic malignant syndrome

• Non-phenothiazines (Metoclopramide) -GERD, prevent N/V with chemo -Caution: Extrapyramidal signs, Parkinson's-like symptoms, seizures

5HT3 Receptor Blocker (Ondansetron)

• First-line for nausea/vomiting (N/V)
• Prolonged QT interval, urinary retention, GI upset, serotonin syndrome.

Miscellaneous

• Dexamethasone
• Dronabinol
• Scopolamine

Blood Pressure

• ACE Inhibitors (Captopril):
  • Treats hypertension, failure, and left ventricular dysfunction.
  • Caution: Renal failure, acute heart failure (HF), dry cough, angioedema, neutropenia, hypotension, tachycardia, ulcers, bone marrow suppression.
• ARBs (Losartan):
  • Combo treatment for hypertension and diabetic neuropathy.
  • Caution: Hepatic/renal dysfunction, hypovolemia, angioedema, alopecia, upper respiratory infection, hypotension
• Calcium Channel Blockers (Diltiazem):
  • Treats hypertension, angina, rapid, irregular heart rhythms (arrythmias).
  • Caution: Grapefruit juice, central nervous system (CNS) effects, peripheral edema, atrioventricular (AV) block, Bradycardia, hypotension, gastrointestinal (GI) upset
• Vasodilators (Nitroprusside):
  • Treats severe hypertension/acute heart failure (HF).
  • Caution: Cyanide toxicity, nausea, vomiting, hypotension
• Beta blockers (Metoprolol):
  • Treats stable angina, hypertension, and prevents heart attacks (MI).
  • Caution: Can mask symptoms of diabetes, COPD, or asthma.

Antiarrhythmics

• Class I (Lidocaine):

  • Manages acute ventricular arrhythmias.
  • Caution: Bradycardia, respiratory depression, chest pain, palpitations, CNS, hypotension, vasodilation.

• Class II (Propranolol):

• Treats rapid atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and hypertension-related angina.

• Caution: Sinus bradycardia, AV block, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cerebrovascular disease, impotence, bradycardia, heart failure (HF).

• Class III (Amiodarone):

  • Treats ventricular arrhythmias.
  • Caution: Liver toxicity, heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, discolored skin.

• Nitrates (Nitroglycerin):

  • Treats acute angina and prevention.
  • Caution: Headache, nausea, hypotension, tachycardia.

Anti-Seizures

• Hydantoins (Phenytoin):
  • Treats tonic-clonic seizures and epilepsy.
  • Caution: Liver toxicity, sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block, central nervous system (CNS) effects, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, liver failure, dermatitis, swollen lymph nodes, gingival enlargement, nystagmus.
• Benzodiazepines + Barbituates:
  • Long-term seizure treatement
  • Same warnings as above.
• Succinimides (Ethosuximide):
  • Treats absence seizures.
  • N/V, central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and skin reactions (SJS).
• Other (Valproic Acid):
  • Treats myoclonic, absence, and focal seizure types.
  • Warning: Hepatotoxicity, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), central nervous system (CNS) effects, birth defects.
• Other (Carbamazepine):
  • Treats generalized and focal seizures.
  • Caution: Dermatological reactions, staggering gait, nystagmus, double vision, pancytopenia.

Anti-Parkinsonism

• Dopaminergics (Carbidopa + Levodopa):
  • Parkinson's disease.
  • Tachycardia, hallucinations, agitation, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, vomiting, malignant melanoma, dark/red/brown urine, sweating.
• Anticholinergics (Benztropine):
  • Added to drug regimens to manage extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).
  • Sedation, dry mouth, ↑ risk for confusion, disorientation, constipation.

Muscle Relaxants

• Centrally Acting (Baclofen):
  • Treats musculoskeletal acute pain conditions and spinal cord injuries.
• Direct Acting (Dantrolene):
  • Treats spasticity in peripheral muscles, related to neuromuscular disease. Seizers, central nervous system (CNS) depression, GI upset, hepatitis, anaphylaxis, aplastic anemia, heart failure (HF).

PAIN - Opioids

• Opioids Agonist (Morphine):
  • Moderate to severe pain management, end-of-life care.
  • Caution: Respiratory depression, GI issues, neurologic effects, overdose, constipation.
• Opioid Antagonists (Naloxone):
  • Emergency reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression, alcohol dependence.
  • Caution: CNS stimulation.
• Anti-Migraine:
  • Ergot Derivatives (Ergotamine):
    • Prevention and treatment of vascular headaches and peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
    • Caution: Pregnancy, CAD, elderly patients, renal/hepatic effects, CNS, GI, and CV complications.
  • Triptans (Sumatriptan):
    • Acute migraine management and cluster headaches.
    • Caution: Pregnancy, coronary artery disease (CAD), elderly patients, renal/hepatic effects, CNS, GI, and CV complications.

NERVOUS - General/Local Anasthetics

• Nonbarbituate General Anasthetic (Midazolam):
  • Preoperative sedation and general anesthesia/ICU intubation.
  • Caution: Respiratory distress and arrest.
• NB General Anasthetic (Propofol):
  • Short-procedure sedation
  • Caution: Localized burning, bradycardia, hypotension, pulmonary edema.
• Anasthetic Gas (Nitrous Oxide):
  • Rapid-acting anesthesia for dental procedures.
  • Caution: Hypoxia.
• Antianxiety/Analgesic (Succinylcholine):
  • Used to paralyze during surgery.

BLOOD GLUCOSE

• Rapid-acting (Lispro) + Aspart:
  • Right before meals, bolus insulin.
  • Onset: 15-30 minutes, peak 0.5-3 hours, duration 3-5 hours.
• Short-acting (Regular):
  • 30-60 minutes before meals, IV treatment for DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)/hyperkalemia.
    • Onset: 30 minute-1 hour, peak 1-5 hour(2-4hour), duration 6-10 hours
• Intermediate-acting (NPH):
  • Half-day/overnight coverage.
  • Onset: 1-2 hours, peak 4-14 hours, duration 14-24 hours.
• Long-acting (Glargine/Detemir):
  • Full-day coverage
  • Onset 1-4 hr, peak none, duration 24 hr.

Oral Antidiabetics

• Sulfonylureas (Glipizide):
  • Combination therapy for type II diabetes with diet to manage.
  • Caution: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
• Biguanides (Metformin):
  • Combination treatment for type II diabetes with diet and exercise. -Caution: Do not take with IV contrast MRI/CT, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis.

ENDOCRINE

• Posterior Pituitary (Desmopressin):
  • Treats diabetes insipidus, von Willebrand disease, and hemophilia.
  • Fluid retention, dry mouth, flushing, and nausea.
• Adrenal Cortical Agents (Prednisone):
  • Treats adrenal cortical insufficiency, inflammatory disorders, hypercalcemia, hematological disease, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis.
  • Caution: Infection risk. Vertigo, hypotension, shock, fluid/sodium retention, weight gain, delirium.
• Thyroid/Parathyroid Agents (Levothyroxine):
  • Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism.
  • Tremors, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, HF, arrhythmia, hyperthyroidism.
• Antithyroid Agents (Methimazole):
  • Treats hyperthyroidism.
  • Caution: Nausea, vomiting, liver toxicity, nephritis, bone marrow suppression, vertigo.

REPRO - Female

• Estrogens (Estradiol):

  • Menopause symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, and some types of cancer.
  • Caution: Allergies, pregnancy, atypical vaginal bleeding, and hepatic dysfunction.

• Progestins (Norethindrone Acetate):

  • Treating conditions such as amenorrhea. - Caution: Epilepsy, migraines, and (sometimes) asthma/CV/renal issues

• Estrogen Receptor Modulators (Raloxifene):

  • Prevent/treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, decrease risk for breast cancer. -Caution: Venous thromboembolism, hot flashes, vaginal bleeding, pulmonary embolism

REPRO - Male

• Androgens (Testosterone):
  • Replacement therapy for hypogonadism and delayed puberty.
  • Caution: Liver function, cardiovascular (CV) disease, sleep disorders, androgenic effects, hepatitis, hypoestrogenic effects.

Fertility Drugs

• Clomiphene:
  • Helps with ovarian issues.
  • Caution: Thromboembolic disease, respiratory disease, flushing, multiple pregnancies, breast tenderness, ovarian enlargement.
• Oxytocin:
  • Induces/improves uterine contractions
  • Caution: Mothers with previous C-section, water intoxication, arrythmias, uterine rupture, hypotension, fetal bradycardia

Erectile Dysfunction

• Sildenafil:
  • Treats erectile dysfunction (ED).
  • Caution: Erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), bleeding disorders, nitroglycerin, urinary tract infections (UTIs), headache, hearing loss, hypotension.

Test your knowledge on pharmacological treatments, their side effects, and specific conditions they address. This quiz covers topics related to desmopressin, glucocorticoids, and estrogen receptor modulators, alongside their potential risks and monitoring needs. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals.