Pharmacology Class Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What condition is associated with a risk of hyponatremia when treated with desmopressin?

Addison's Disease

Diabetes Insipidus (correct)

Diabetes Mellitus

Cushing's Syndrome

Which glucocorticoid is commonly mentioned as a treatment for adrenal cortical insufficiency?

Dexamethasone

Hydrocortisone

Methylprednisolone

Prednisone (correct)

Which of the following conditions is NOT mentioned as being treated with glucocorticoids?

Hematological disease

Hypoglycemia (correct)

Inflammatory disorders

Ulcerative colitis

Which potential side effect is associated with the use of desmopressin?

Fluid retention Signup and view all the answers

In the context given, what condition should be monitored for infection risk when using glucocorticoid treatment?

Addison's Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible side effect of using Estrogen Receptor Modulators?

Vasomotor flushing Signup and view all the answers

What condition does Clomiphene primarily address?

Ovarian failure Signup and view all the answers

For which patient history is caution advised when using Estrogen Receptor Modulators?

History of venous thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential off-label use of Clomiphene?

Improvement of male sterility Signup and view all the answers

What are potential risks associated with the use of Clomiphene?

Thromboembolic disease and respiratory disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a key caution for the use of Succinylcholine?

Potential for malignant hyperthermia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is an opioid agonist indicated for moderate to severe pain?

Morphine Signup and view all the answers

What condition should be monitored due to the potential effects of opioids?

Respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with opioid use?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with prolonged use of Succinylcholine?

Skin breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of opioids?

Recent gastrointestinal surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can exacerbate the effects of opioids?

Respiratory dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is an important assessment that should be performed prior to administering opioids?

Respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset time for insulin administered intravenously?

30 min - 1 hr Signup and view all the answers

What is an important step to take before administering insulin for DKA?

Check potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak action time for the intravenous push of regular insulin?

1-5 hours Signup and view all the answers

How long is the duration of action for intravenous regular insulin?

6-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What condition can be worsened by administering insulin without checking potassium levels?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

When treating DKA, which method of insulin delivery is recommended before starting an IV drip?

IV push Signup and view all the answers

What major side effect should be monitored for after administering insulin?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

In hyperkalemia, an intravenous push of which substance is indicated?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset time for intermediate acting insulin (NPH)?

1-2 hr Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cautional aspect of using Sulfonylureas?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of long acting insulin (Glargine/Detemir)?

Onset is 1-4 hours Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored carefully when using Metformin?

Kidney function Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with the use of Biguanides like Metformin?

Gl upset Signup and view all the answers

What is the main indication for ensuring fluid intake when administering Metformin?

To reduce risk of lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

When is the peak effect of NPH insulin typically observed?

4-14 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is an incorrect method for managing Type II diabetes with oral antidiabetics?

Combining Glyburide without diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for long acting insulins like Glargine?

24 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which formulation of insulin should be drawn first when mixing insulins?

Regular Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Carbidopa in treatment?

Prevents the breakdown of Levodopa Signup and view all the answers

What can be a side effect of Anticholinergic drugs like Benztropine?

Urinary hesitancy Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is most commonly associated with Levodopa?

Severe nausea Signup and view all the answers

What additional effect does Entacapone have when used with Carbidopa and Levodopa?

It helps Levodopa last longer Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a risk of abruptly discontinuing treatments like Baclofen?

High fever and muscle rigidity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of psychosis?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency might be associated with malignant melanoma?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cross effect of muscle relaxants like Baclofen with other treatments?

Sedation and impaired coordination Signup and view all the answers

What can be a sign of the worsening of Parkinson's disease?

Increased need for Levodopa Signup and view all the answers

What is one caution associated with centrally acting muscle relaxants?

Risk of rhabdomyolysis when discontinued abruptly Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anti-inflammatory Agents

Salicylates (Aspirin):
- Used for mild to moderate pain and inflammatory conditions.
- Reduces risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI).
- Caution: Bleeding disorders, Reye's syndrome, impaired renal function, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome, acidosis.
NSAIDs (Ibuprofen):
- Relieves symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and mild to moderate pain.
- Reduces fever.
- Caution: Cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, hypertension (HTN), renal/hepatic dysfunction, headache, dizziness, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, blood dyscrasias (BMS), constipation.
NSAIDs (Acetaminophen):
- Relieves mild to moderate pain, cold/flu symptoms, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Caution: Chronic alcoholism, rash, fever, liver toxicity/failure, blood dyscrasias (BMS).

Antiarthritis

Gold Compounds (Auranofin):
- Used in adults with rheumatoid arthritis.
- Caution: Diabetes, congestive heart failure (CHF), hypertension (HTN), renal/hepatic dysfunction, blood dyscrasias (BMS), renal toxicity, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis.

TNF Blockers (Entanercept)

↓ s/s rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing Spondylitis, plaque psoriasis
Caution: Acute infection, cancer, sepsis, MI, failure, HTN
Made from Chinese hamster ovary products
Teratogenic

Antigout

Colchicine:
- Treats gout flares.
- Caution: Renal/hepatic dysfunction, GI upset, rhabdomyolysis, blood dyscrasias.

Immune Stimulants

Interferons (Interferon Alfa-2b):
- Treats hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, AIDS sarcoma, chronic hepatitis B+C.
- Caution: Cardiovascular (CV) disease, myelosuppression, Central Nervous System (CNS) effects, anorexia, skin discoloration, blood dyscrasias (BMS), flu-like symptoms.
Interleukins (Aldesleukin):
- Treats metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma
- Caution: Escherichia coli (E. Coli) products, pregnancy, renal/liver/cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, central nervous system (CNS) effects, blood dyscrasias (BMS), sinus tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypotension, dizziness, gastrointestinal (GI) bleed.

Colony Stimulating Factors (Filgrastim)

Use for infection risk for chemo patients, bone marrow transplants
Caution: E. Coli products, headache, fatigue, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, bone pain

Immune Suppresants

T+B Cell Suppressors (Cyclosporine):
- Prevents rejection for organ transplants, treats rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer
- Caution: Teratogenic, cancer, tremors, hypertension, gingival hyperplasia, blood dyscrasias (BMS), acidosis.

Monoclonal Clonal Antibodies (Bevacizumab)

Treats metastatic colorectal cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, cervical/ovarian cancer
Caution: Fever, teratogenic
GI perforations, headaches, hemorrhages

Vaccines

Active immunity: Immune system protects against pathogens.
Passive immunity: Body receives immunity from another source (breast milk, medication)
MMR Vaccine (protection against measles, mumps, and rubella)
Fever, rash, injection site irritation, high fever

Antibiotics

Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin):
- Treats serious infections from susceptible bacteria.
- Caution: Nephrotoxic, renal disease, preexisting hearing loss, hypersensitivity, sinusitis, dizziness, fever, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity.
Carbapenems (Ertapenem):
- Treats community-acquired pneumonia, gastrointestinal (GI) infections, and skin infections.
- Caution: Poor renal function, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, pseudomembranous colitis.
Cephalosporins (Cefaclor):
- Treats respiratory, dermatologic, urinary tract, and middle ear infections.
- Caution: Allergy to penicillin, hepatic renal impairment, nausea, vomiting, superinfection, blood dyscrasias (BMS), rash.
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin):
- Treats respiratory, dermatologic, urinary tract infections (UTIs), ear, eye, bone/joint infections, anthrax, and typhoid fever.
- Caution: Tendonitis, tendon rupture, central nervous system (CNS) effects, headache, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, fever.
Penicillins (Amoxicillin):
- Treats infections from susceptible/bacteria, Helicobacter infection.
- Caution: Penicillin allergy. nausea, vomiting, glossitis, blood dyscrasias (BMS), lethargy.
Sulfonamides (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/Cotrimoxazole):
- Treats urinary tract infections (UTIs), acute otitis media, chronic bronchitis, and traveler's diarrhea.
- Caution: Older adults, kidney stones, teratogenic, nausea, vomiting, hepatocellular necrosis, hematuria, hyperkalemia, blood dyscrasias (BMS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).
Tetracyclines (Tetracycline):
- Treats susceptible bacterial infections, acne, and counteracts penicillin use.
- Caution: Teeth discoloration in children under 8, nausea, vomiting, glossitis, blood dyscrasias (BMS).
Leprostatic drugs (Isoniazid):
- Treats tuberculosis (TB) and prevention in family members.
- Caution: Severe renal/hepatic disease, peripheral neuropathy, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias (BMS), hepatitis, gynecomastia.
Lincosamides (Clindamycin):
- Treats serious infections.
- Caution: Hepatic impairment, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias (BMS), pseudomembranous colitis.
Lipoglycopeptides (Vancomycin):
- Treats septicemia, infective endocarditis, skin infections, bone infections, and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs).
- Caution: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, hypokalemia.

Other Drugs

Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (Nevirapine):
- HIV treatment.
- N/V, liver dysfunction, chills, fever.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (Zidovudine):
- Symptomatic HIV.
- Caution: Renal dysfunction, nausea, vomiting, blood dyscrasias (BMS), insomnia, fever.
Protease Inhibitors (Fosamprenavir):
- Symptomatic HIV.
- Caution: Hepatic dysfunction, mood changes, nausea, vomiting, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), redistribution of body fat.
Fusion Inhibitor (Enfuvirtide):
- HIV treatment for immunological deterioration.
- Caution: Lung disease, teratogenic, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, pneumonia, chills.
CCR5 Coreceptor (Maraviroc):
- Treats CCR5-tropic HIV infection.
- Caution: Liver disease, cardiovascular (CV) disease, paresthesia, hepatotoxicity, upper respiratory infection, musculoskeletal symptoms, fever.
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor (Raltegravir):
- Resistant HIV.
- Rhabdomyolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), nausea, vomiting, fever.
Anti-hep B agent (Adefovir):
- Chronic HBV treatment.
- Caution: Renal/hepatic disease, hepatomegaly, nephrotoxicity, lactic acidosis, weakness.
Azoles (Fluconazole):
- Treats oropharyngeal, esophageal, vaginal, and cryptococcal meningitis, systemic fungal infections.
- Caution: Liver/renal disease, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rash.
Topical Antifungal (Clotrimazole):
- Treats oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and athlete's foot.
- Stinging, burning, irritation (in sexual partner).
Antimalarial (Chloroquine):
- Treats/prophylaxis of malaria.
- Caution: Renal/hepatic impairment, visual/auditory disturbances, hypotension, nausea, vomiting.
Other (Metronidazole):
- Treats intestinal parasites, trichomoniasis.
- Caution: Teratogenic, compromised central nervous system (CNS), hepatic disease, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, ataxia, seizures, darkened urine (harmless).
Antihelminitic (Mebendazole):
- Treats whipworm, pinworm, roundworm, and hookworm infections.
- Caution: Teratogenic, hepatic disease, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever.

Diuretics

Thiazide/Thiazide-like (Hydrochlorothiazide):
- First-line hypertension treatment, hypovolemia, renal disease, GI upset
- Caution: Orthostatic hypotension
Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol):
- Prevents renal failure, ↑ intracranial pressure treatment.
- Dry mouth, thirst, hypotension
Potassium Sparing (Spironolactone):
- Improves survival in heart failure (HF) pts @ risk for hypokalemia.
- Caution: Hyperkalemia, deepening voice, gynecomastia
Loop diuretics (Furosemide):
- Rapid and extensive diuresis for failure/pulmonary edema.
- Gout, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypokalemia, vertigo.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide):
- Used in combination with other diuretics, glaucoma treatment.
- Caution: Pregnancy, renal/hepatic failure, COPD, respiratory acidosis, blood marrow suppression, hypokalemia, tinnitus.
Other Diuretics
- Details not included for brevity

Urinary

UTI Anti-infective (Fosfomycin):
- Treats uncomplicated UTIs and vaginitis.
- Dizziness, and nausea
Anti-spasmodics (Oxybutin):
- Neurogenic bladder treatment, overactive bladder (overactivity), blurred vision, urinary hesitance, dry mouth, and sweating.
Urinary Analgesics:
- Pain relief for UTIs, red urine, GI upset.
Bladder Protectant (Pentosan polysulfate sodium):
- For bladder pain with cystitis.
- Bleeding, alopecia, and GI upset.
Benign-Prostatic Hyperplasia (Doxazosin):
- Treats BPH.
- Sexual dysfunction, palpitations, and vertigo, + Finasteride.

Eyes

Prostaglandin Analogs (Lantanaprost):
- Glaucoma treatment.
- Harmless brown pigmentation.
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Timolol):
- Treats open-angle glaucoma.
- Minimal adverse effects.
Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists (Apraclonidine & Brimonidine):
- Short-term glaucoma treatment, long-term use.
- Minimal side effects.
Cholinergic Agonists (Pilocarpine):
- Emergency treatment for angle-closure glaucoma, and retinal detachment:
- Lowers intraocular pressure (IOP), blurred vision.
Cycloplegics + Mydriatics:
- Paralyze and dilate eye muscles to treat certain conditions.
- Blurred vision, photophobia

Upper Respiratory

Antitussives (Dextromethorphan):
- Reduces cough symptoms.
- Caution: Pregnancy, head injury.
Topical Nasal Decongestant (Tetrahydrozoline):
- Relieves nasal congestion.
- Caution: Lesions in mouth/nose, pregnancy.
Oral Decongestants (Pseudophedrine/Phenylephrine):
- Relieves nasal congestion, and treats otitis media.
- Caution: Polypharmacy.
Steroid Nasal Decongestant (Fluisolide):
- Treats rhinitis or pain relief post-nasal polyp surgery.
  - Caution: Active infection, pregnancy.

Lower Respiratory

Antihistamines (Diphenhydramine):
- Treats allergies, allergic rhinitis, and (sometimes) blood transfusions.
- Caution: Renal/hepatic impairment.
Expectorants (Guaifenesin):
- ↑ respiratory fluid output (unproductive coughs).
- GI upset
Mucolytics (Acetylcysteine):
- Liquifies and clears secretions.
- Caution: Asthma and COPD.
Bronchodilators (Xanthines [Theophylline]):
- Relieves asthma, COPD, bronchospasm.
- Smokers ↑ risk of toxicity & cardiac dysrhythmias.

Sympathomimetics (Allbuterol)

Rescue treatment for asthma and COPD.
Restlessness, jitters, paradoxical bronchospasm, respiratory arrest.

Anticholinergics (Ipratropium)

Maintains bronchodilation (for COPD).
Can develop tolerance with chronic use.

Inhaled Steroids (Budesonide)

Prevents and treats asthma.
Warning: Can worsen infections.

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (Zafir lukast)

Prophylactic/long-term asthma treatment:
Caution: Avoid combining with warfarin/theophylline/aspirin, possible suicidal thoughts, and elevated liver enzymes.

Immune Modulators (Omalizumab)

Severe asthma treatment.
Caution: Not for acute asthma, not for children under 6, possible upper respiratory infection, anaphylaxis.
Lung Surfactant (Beractant)
Treatment for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Gastric Motility

Chemical Stimulants (Bisacodyl):
- Short-term constipation treatment.
- Caution: CAD, blockage, nausea and vomiting.
Bulk-forming laxatives (Psyllium):
- Treat constipation.
- Caution: Don't take with antacids, hypovolemia.
Osmotic Laxatives (Magnesium Citrate):
- Treat constipation.
- Caution: Avoid abdominal surgery patients.
Lubricants (Docusate):
- Patients with constipation who shouldn’t strain
Opioid Antagonists (Methylnaltrexone Bromide):
- Treats opioid-induced constipation
- GI upset, muscle spasms, hot flashes.

GI Stimulant (Metoclopramide)

GI movement treatment for GERD.
Caution: Do not take with antipsychotics, nausea and vomitting, tardive dyskinesia, Parkinson-like symptoms.
Anti-diarrheals (Loperamide):
- Slows GI transit
- Caution: Distention, toxic megacolon.
IBS-D drug (Alosetron):
- Severe IBS-D treatment
Ischemic colitis

Histamine Antagonists (Cimetidine)

Short-term treatment for ulcers/GERD.
Caution: CNS effects (fall risk in older adults), arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, gynecomastia, impotence.

Antacids (Sodium Bicarb.)

Treats upset stomach/GI bleeding.
- Caution: Gastric rupture, systemic alkalosis, hypokalemia, acid rebound.

Proton-pump Inhibitors (PPI) (Protonix, Omeprazole)

Short-term active ulcer/burn/GERD.
C-Diff, upper respiratory issues, bone loss, hypertension

Prostaglandins (Misoprostol)

Prevent NSAID ulcers, off-lable abortion for some conditions and N/V
Digestive Enzymes (Pancrelipase)
Replaces deficient pancreatic secretions.
N/V, proteinuria

Antiemetics

Phenothiazine (Prochlorperazine) -Severe N/V -Caution: Pink/brown urine, extrapyramidal signs, fever, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Non-phenothiazines (Metoclopramide) -GERD, prevent N/V with chemo -Caution: Extrapyramidal signs, Parkinson's-like symptoms, seizures

5HT3 Receptor Blocker (Ondansetron)

First-line for nausea/vomiting (N/V)
Prolonged QT interval, urinary retention, GI upset, serotonin syndrome.

Miscellaneous

Dexamethasone
Dronabinol
Scopolamine

Blood Pressure

ACE Inhibitors (Captopril):
- Treats hypertension, failure, and left ventricular dysfunction.
- Caution: Renal failure, acute heart failure (HF), dry cough, angioedema, neutropenia, hypotension, tachycardia, ulcers, bone marrow suppression.
ARBs (Losartan):
- Combo treatment for hypertension and diabetic neuropathy.
- Caution: Hepatic/renal dysfunction, hypovolemia, angioedema, alopecia, upper respiratory infection, hypotension
Calcium Channel Blockers (Diltiazem):
- Treats hypertension, angina, rapid, irregular heart rhythms (arrythmias).
- Caution: Grapefruit juice, central nervous system (CNS) effects, peripheral edema, atrioventricular (AV) block, Bradycardia, hypotension, gastrointestinal (GI) upset
Vasodilators (Nitroprusside):
- Treats severe hypertension/acute heart failure (HF).
- Caution: Cyanide toxicity, nausea, vomiting, hypotension
Beta blockers (Metoprolol):
- Treats stable angina, hypertension, and prevents heart attacks (MI).
- Caution: Can mask symptoms of diabetes, COPD, or asthma.

Antiarrhythmics

Class I (Lidocaine):
- Manages acute ventricular arrhythmias.
- Caution: Bradycardia, respiratory depression, chest pain, palpitations, CNS, hypotension, vasodilation.
Class II (Propranolol):
Treats rapid atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and hypertension-related angina.
Caution: Sinus bradycardia, AV block, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cerebrovascular disease, impotence, bradycardia, heart failure (HF).
Class III (Amiodarone):
- Treats ventricular arrhythmias.
- Caution: Liver toxicity, heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, discolored skin.
Nitrates (Nitroglycerin):
- Treats acute angina and prevention.
- Caution: Headache, nausea, hypotension, tachycardia.

Anti-Seizures

Hydantoins (Phenytoin):
- Treats tonic-clonic seizures and epilepsy.
- Caution: Liver toxicity, sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block, central nervous system (CNS) effects, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, liver failure, dermatitis, swollen lymph nodes, gingival enlargement, nystagmus.
Benzodiazepines + Barbituates:
- Long-term seizure treatement
- Same warnings as above.
Succinimides (Ethosuximide):
- Treats absence seizures.
- N/V, central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and skin reactions (SJS).
Other (Valproic Acid):
- Treats myoclonic, absence, and focal seizure types.
- Warning: Hepatotoxicity, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), central nervous system (CNS) effects, birth defects.
Other (Carbamazepine):
- Treats generalized and focal seizures.
- Caution: Dermatological reactions, staggering gait, nystagmus, double vision, pancytopenia.

Anti-Parkinsonism

Dopaminergics (Carbidopa + Levodopa):
- Parkinson's disease.
- Tachycardia, hallucinations, agitation, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, vomiting, malignant melanoma, dark/red/brown urine, sweating.
Anticholinergics (Benztropine):
- Added to drug regimens to manage extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).
- Sedation, dry mouth, ↑ risk for confusion, disorientation, constipation.

Muscle Relaxants

Centrally Acting (Baclofen):
- Treats musculoskeletal acute pain conditions and spinal cord injuries.
Direct Acting (Dantrolene):
- Treats spasticity in peripheral muscles, related to neuromuscular disease. Seizers, central nervous system (CNS) depression, GI upset, hepatitis, anaphylaxis, aplastic anemia, heart failure (HF).

PAIN - Opioids

Opioids Agonist (Morphine):
- Moderate to severe pain management, end-of-life care.
- Caution: Respiratory depression, GI issues, neurologic effects, overdose, constipation.
Opioid Antagonists (Naloxone):
- Emergency reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression, alcohol dependence.
- Caution: CNS stimulation.
Anti-Migraine:
- Ergot Derivatives (Ergotamine):
  - Prevention and treatment of vascular headaches and peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
  - Caution: Pregnancy, CAD, elderly patients, renal/hepatic effects, CNS, GI, and CV complications.
- Triptans (Sumatriptan):
  - Acute migraine management and cluster headaches.
  - Caution: Pregnancy, coronary artery disease (CAD), elderly patients, renal/hepatic effects, CNS, GI, and CV complications.

NERVOUS - General/Local Anasthetics

Nonbarbituate General Anasthetic (Midazolam):
- Preoperative sedation and general anesthesia/ICU intubation.
- Caution: Respiratory distress and arrest.
NB General Anasthetic (Propofol):
- Short-procedure sedation
- Caution: Localized burning, bradycardia, hypotension, pulmonary edema.
Anasthetic Gas (Nitrous Oxide):
- Rapid-acting anesthesia for dental procedures.
- Caution: Hypoxia.
Antianxiety/Analgesic (Succinylcholine):
- Used to paralyze during surgery.

BLOOD GLUCOSE

Rapid-acting (Lispro) + Aspart:
- Right before meals, bolus insulin.
- Onset: 15-30 minutes, peak 0.5-3 hours, duration 3-5 hours.
Short-acting (Regular):
- 30-60 minutes before meals, IV treatment for DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)/hyperkalemia.
  - Onset: 30 minute-1 hour, peak 1-5 hour(2-4hour), duration 6-10 hours
Intermediate-acting (NPH):
- Half-day/overnight coverage.
- Onset: 1-2 hours, peak 4-14 hours, duration 14-24 hours.
Long-acting (Glargine/Detemir):
- Full-day coverage
- Onset 1-4 hr, peak none, duration 24 hr.

Oral Antidiabetics

Sulfonylureas (Glipizide):
- Combination therapy for type II diabetes with diet to manage.
- Caution: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Biguanides (Metformin):
- Combination treatment for type II diabetes with diet and exercise. -Caution: Do not take with IV contrast MRI/CT, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis.

ENDOCRINE

Posterior Pituitary (Desmopressin):
- Treats diabetes insipidus, von Willebrand disease, and hemophilia.
- Fluid retention, dry mouth, flushing, and nausea.
Adrenal Cortical Agents (Prednisone):
- Treats adrenal cortical insufficiency, inflammatory disorders, hypercalcemia, hematological disease, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis.
- Caution: Infection risk. Vertigo, hypotension, shock, fluid/sodium retention, weight gain, delirium.
Thyroid/Parathyroid Agents (Levothyroxine):
- Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism.
- Tremors, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, HF, arrhythmia, hyperthyroidism.
Antithyroid Agents (Methimazole):
- Treats hyperthyroidism.
- Caution: Nausea, vomiting, liver toxicity, nephritis, bone marrow suppression, vertigo.

REPRO - Female

Estrogens (Estradiol):
- Menopause symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, and some types of cancer.
- Caution: Allergies, pregnancy, atypical vaginal bleeding, and hepatic dysfunction.
Progestins (Norethindrone Acetate):
- Treating conditions such as amenorrhea. - Caution: Epilepsy, migraines, and (sometimes) asthma/CV/renal issues
Estrogen Receptor Modulators (Raloxifene):
- Prevent/treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, decrease risk for breast cancer. -Caution: Venous thromboembolism, hot flashes, vaginal bleeding, pulmonary embolism

REPRO - Male

Androgens (Testosterone):
- Replacement therapy for hypogonadism and delayed puberty.
- Caution: Liver function, cardiovascular (CV) disease, sleep disorders, androgenic effects, hepatitis, hypoestrogenic effects.

Fertility Drugs

Clomiphene:
- Helps with ovarian issues.
- Caution: Thromboembolic disease, respiratory disease, flushing, multiple pregnancies, breast tenderness, ovarian enlargement.
Oxytocin:
- Induces/improves uterine contractions
- Caution: Mothers with previous C-section, water intoxication, arrythmias, uterine rupture, hypotension, fetal bradycardia

Erectile Dysfunction

Sildenafil:
- Treats erectile dysfunction (ED).
- Caution: Erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), bleeding disorders, nitroglycerin, urinary tract infections (UTIs), headache, hearing loss, hypotension.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacological treatments, their side effects, and specific conditions they address. This quiz covers topics related to desmopressin, glucocorticoids, and estrogen receptor modulators, alongside their potential risks and monitoring needs. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals.