Pharmacology Chapter Review

The process by which a drug is removed from the body through urine that has a higher pH than normal.

A substance that slows down or prevents the activity of an enzyme, a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the body.

When two drugs taken together produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.

A receptor that can be activated by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, involved in regulating various bodily functions.

A drug that directly activates beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to effects like increased heart rate and bronchodilation.

The process by which a drug is removed from the body through urine that has a lower pH than normal.

A hormone and neurotransmitter that acts as a local hemostatic (stops bleeding) and a direct-acting catecholamine used as a nasal decongestant.

The proportion of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form after administration.

Interactions that affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of drugs, influencing their concentration in the body.

The administration of a drug directly into the spinal cord, typically used for treating pain or specific neurological conditions.

Interactions that affect the drug's action at the receptor, cell, enzyme, or organ level, leading to altered drug effects.

A process in drug metabolism where a drug is coupled with an endogenous substrate, such as glucuronic acid, to enhance excretion.

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half during elimination.

The percentage of a drug dose reaching the systemic circulation in its original form, indicating its absorption and first-pass metabolism.

A drug that binds to a receptor and initiates a cellular response, producing a specific effect.

A drug that stimulates both dopaminergic (D1 & D2) and adrenergic (alpha & beta) receptors, leading to various effects on the nervous system and body.

An interaction where two drugs combine to form an inactive compound, reducing or eliminating their effects.

Adrenaline, a potent catecholamine, is used as a nasal decongestant to constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages, relieving congestion.

The study of the effects of drugs on the body, including their mechanisms of action and how they interact with cellular processes.

Drugs that stimulate both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors and can lead to a rapid decrease in their efficacy with repeated or continuous use.

Knowing a drug's bioavailability helps determine appropriate dosage, predict absorption, and understand the impact of first-pass metabolism.

Amphetamine indirectly stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, leading to increased alertness and energy.

Isoprenaline selectively activates beta-adrenergic receptors, causing effects like increased heart rate, bronchodilation, and relaxation of smooth muscles.

Altering the urine pH to a more alkaline state can enhance the excretion of weakly basic drugs, making them less potent and faster to eliminate.

The accumulation of a drug in the body over time due to repeated administration, potentially leading to toxic reactions.

Adrenaline is broken down by the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), regulating its activity and preventing excessive effects.

Adrenaline is often combined with local anesthetics to constrict blood vessels, slowing their absorption and extending their action.

Drug biotransformation often results in the formation of metabolites that are less potent, more water-soluble, and easier to excrete from the body.

When two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect equal in magnitude to the sum of their individual effects.

A substance that increases the activity of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, potentially leading to faster drug breakdown and reduced effects.