Pharmacology Chapter on Sympathomimetics

<p>It is rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) during the first pass metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine produces a more intense effect than amphetamine, with a shorter duration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constricting blood vessels in the submucosal tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mydriatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates the receptor by binding to another molecule and increasing neurotransmitter concentration (indirectly) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effects related to norepinephrine, epinephrine, or dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the reuptake of a neurotransmitter, increasing its synaptic concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has relatively greater effects on either alpha or beta adrenergic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reuptake Inhibitor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing aqueous humor production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apraclonidine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injection of phenylephrine into the penis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine and norepinephrine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcotics, ethanol, and nicotine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displacing stored catecholamines from adrenergic nerve endings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased arterial resistance and decreased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased conduction velocity at the AV node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (D1) receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exhibits both direct and indirect adrenergic activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It primarily increases cardiac output due to beta-1 activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive chronotropic effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Management of attention deficit disorders (ADHD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sibutramine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To achieve vasoconstriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it increases cardiac oxygen demand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-1 agonists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the outflow of aqueous humor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Midodrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimizing tissue perfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchial hyperactivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomoxetine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COPD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhaled corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchodilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They improve lung function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoproterenol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug that directly binds to and activates a receptor, initiating a response.

A drug that causes dilation of the pupil, making it larger.

A drug that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by inhibiting its reuptake into the nerve terminal.

A drug that causes constriction of blood vessels, particularly in the nasal or oropharyngeal mucosa.

A drug that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, often by affecting adrenergic receptors.

A drug that has relatively greater effects on either alpha or beta adrenergic receptors, although not absolutely specific.

Relating to or influenced by norepinephrine, epinephrine, or dopamine.

A drug that brings about receptor activation indirectly, by affecting another molecule that regulates the neurotransmitter.

Sympathomimetic drugs that act directly on adrenergic receptors, causing activation by binding directly to the receptor.

Sympathomimetic drugs that indirectly increase the release of catecholamines from nerve endings, indirectly activating adrenergic receptors.

Sympathomimetic drugs that possess both direct and indirect modes of action, they can bind to receptors directly and also increase the release of neurotransmitters.

The ability of a drug to bind to a specific receptor.

The ability of a drug to activate a receptor once it is bound.

The effects of a sympathomimetic drug on the cardiovascular system are complex and may differ depending on which adrenergic receptor is dominant in the tissue and the specificity of the drug.

The alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, primarily found in skin vessels, splanchnic vessels, and some skeletal muscle vessels, cause vasoconstriction when activated.

The beta-2 adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, primarily found in some skeletal muscle vessels, cause vasodilation when activated.

The beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart cause increased heart rate (positive chronotropic effect), increased conduction velocity through the AV node, decreased refractory period, and increased contractility (positive inotropic effect) when activated.

The dopamine receptors in renal, splanchnic, coronary, and cerebral blood vessels cause vasodilation when activated.

A naturally occurring substance found in fermented food such as cheese and wine, and metabolized by the liver enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO).

A category of medications that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, potentially leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

A class of drugs that inhibit the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine, leading to increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain.

A type of drug that acts as a local anesthetic by blocking sodium channels, and also has sympathomimetic effects by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. It is known for its addictive properties due to its action on the brain's reward system.

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, like apraclonidine and brimonidine, work by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye, reducing intraocular pressure. They are used in the treatment of glaucoma.

Beta blockers, such as timolol, betaxolol, and carteolol, reduce the production of aqueous humor in the eye, contributing to decreased intraocular pressure. They are widely used for glaucoma management.

Beta-2 selective agents, like ritodrine and terbutaline, are used to relax the uterus to suppress preterm labor. They work by stimulating beta-2 receptors, leading to uterine muscle relaxation.

Amphetamines and amphetamine-like drugs have a stimulant effect on the nervous system, improving concentration and attention in individuals with ADHD by modulating neurotransmitter activity.

Modafinil is a stimulant drug approved for narcolepsy. It acts on various neurotransmitter receptors (alpha1b, GABA, serotonin, and glutamate) to improve alertness and reduce sleepiness associated with the condition.

Drugs like ergotamine and ergonovine that primarily act as alpha agonists, but also influence other receptors like serotonin and acetylcholine.

A condition caused by ergot alkaloids characterized by effects on the central nervous system, leading to hallucinations and other neurological disturbances.

A condition involving a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing, often causing lightheadedness or fainting.

A severe medical condition characterized by inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs, leading to an inability to meet metabolic demands.

A type of shock caused by a weakened heart unable to pump blood effectively.

A type of heart failure characterized by a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body.

A serious allergic reaction causing widespread swelling, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure.

A condition affecting the eye, characterized by increased pressure within the eye.

The process of increasing the flow of fluid from the eye, which can help to reduce intraocular pressure.

A chronic respiratory illness marked by recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Often triggered by allergens or irritants, resulting in inflammation and narrowing of the airways.

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe. Characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, typically caused by long-term exposure to irritants like smoke or dust.

Medications that quickly relieve asthma symptoms by widening the airways. They act on beta-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, causing smooth muscle relaxation.

Medications primarily used to help control long-term asthma symptoms by reducing inflammation in the airways. They are usually administered as inhalants and include corticosteroid medications.

Medications that block the release of histamine from mast cells, preventing an allergic reaction that can trigger asthma symptoms.

Medications that specifically block the action of leukotrienes, chemicals involved in airway inflammation and constriction.

A type of medication that relaxes smooth muscles in the airways, often used to treat asthma. They act by inhibiting the breakdown of cyclic AMP, which promotes relaxation.

Medications that provide long-lasting relief from asthma symptoms by promoting bronchodilation. They are often used in combination with inhaled corticosteroids for effective long-term control.