B. Addiction Management

LSD affects serotonin receptors, causing perceptual distortions like visual/auditory hallucinations, depersonalization, anxiety, and paranoia.

Recurring, usually non-disturbing perceptual disturbances after LSD use.

Supportive care, reassurance, and antipsychotics for psychotic symptoms, or benzodiazepines for anxiety.

THC's interaction with cannabinoid receptors causes euphoria, anxiety, impaired judgement, and possibly paranoid delusions in some users.

Cannabis withdrawal symptoms include irritability, anxiety, depression, insomnia, restlessness, and decreased appetite.

THC interacts with CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, inhibiting adenylate cyclase.

A state of altered perception and mood caused by taking hallucinogens, often involving hallucinations, heightened senses, and changes in thinking.

A drug that blocks NMDA receptors, causing neurological effects and possible violence, impulsivity and delirium, with varying intensity and effect depending on dosage.

Affects neurotransmitter systems like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, leading to altered perception and mood.

Increased focus, alertness, decreased fatigue, and a decreased appetite followed by potentially restlessness, tremors and aggression.

A drug triggering an increase in norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, causing dramatic changes in heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, and mental alertness followed by possible fatigue and depression

Treatment approach may use supportive care, sedation with benzodiazepines for severe agitation or haloperidol to control psychotic symptoms, alongside gastric lavage to remove the drug.

A response to reduced or stopped psychoactive drug intake, including specific symptoms like fatigue, depression, anxiety, and potential dependence.

First-line treatment involves using benzodiazepines (like Lorazepam or Diazepam, IV). If IV access is unavailable, Midazolam IM can be used. Additional treatments might include Nitroprusside or Phentolamine.

Symptoms include agitation, critical hypertension, and hyperthermia. Cardiovascular effects, like arrhythmias (tachycardia), and circulatory collapse, can occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps are also common.

Treatment focuses on lowering body temperature, avoiding antipyretics, and possibly using cooling measures and neuromuscular paralysis if needed.

Succinylcholine should be avoided for rapid sequence intubation in methamphetamine intoxication, as other medications are preferred.

If the heart rate is above 180 bpm, benzodiazepines are the first treatment option, along with calcium channel blocking drugs like diltiazem as needed.

High concentrations can cause arrhythmias (tachycardia), hypertension or hypotension, and circulatory collapse.

A drug that activates the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in the brain, often used to manage nausea, pain, and appetite.

A synthetic cannabinoid used to increase appetite and manage nausea/vomiting, often in patients undergoing chemotherapy or with AIDS.

A state of altered perception and heightened emotions, including euphoria, hallucinations, and hyperactivity, caused by MDMA (ecstasy).

Following MDMA use, potential symptoms include depression, fatigue, and changes in appetite.

A harmful, drug-induced state affecting mood and perception.

Physical and psychological reactions to discontinuing psychoactive substances.

A state caused by depressant drugs, characterized by mood changes, decreased anxiety, sedation, reduced inhibition, and slowed breathing.

Symptoms that occur when a person stops taking depressant drugs, including anxiety, tremors, seizures, and trouble sleeping.

A state of alcohol poisoning, marked by emotional instability, slurred speech, lack of coordination, and possible unconsciousness, disinhibition.

Treatment for alcohol withdrawal usually involves longer-acting benzodiazepines to manage symptoms.

A dangerous state from barbiturates, marked by lowered safety margin and life-threatening slowed breathing.

Stopping barbiturates could lead to delirium and collapse.

A state of benzodiazepine overdose, characterized by lack of coordination and minor breathing issues.

Withdrawal from benzodiazepines may cause seizures, sleep problems, and depression; flumazenil is used to counter these issues.

Opioid use leading to pinpoint pupils, slowed digestion, breathing and brain function. Euphoria, gag reflex impairment, and seizures are possible

Naloxone is typically used to reverse opioid overdose.

Physical and psychological symptoms that happen after stopping opioid use. Including dilated pupils, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, nausea, sweating, and more.

State of disinhibition, euphoria and slowed down thinking caused by inhaling substances.

Irritability, dysphoria, trouble sleeping, and headaches can happen when stopping inhalant use.

The state of being poisoned or severely affected by a substance, often characterized by distorted perceptions and mood changes.

The physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a drug after prolonged use.

Marijuana; A psychoactive drug that impacts CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.

A drug that blocks serotonin and dopamine reuptake, leading to euphoria and strong emotional experiences.

A drug that blocks NMDA receptors, leading to potentially dangerous effects like aggression, delirium, and seizures.

The body's physical adaptation to a substance; stopping use can cause withdrawal.

A compulsive need for a substance, often accompanied by tolerance (needing more to get the same effect).

The need for increased doses of a drug to achieve the same effect.

A state caused by stimulants, marked by mood changes, decreased appetite, restlessness, insomnia, and heart problems.

Symptoms arising from stopping stimulant use, including irritability, sleep issues, and headaches.

Amphetamines change neurotransmitter levels by affecting dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine.

Stimulant-related euphoria, restlessness, high blood pressure, and increased alertness.

Methamphetamine use causes pupils to dilate, agitation, and possible hallucinations

Stopping meth leads to sleepiness, increased hunger, and depression.

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, leading to arousal.

High caffeine intake causes racing heart, agitation, tremors.

Cocaine blocks neurotransmitter reuptake (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine).

Cocaine use can lead to impaired judgment, dilated pupils, and possible heart problems.

Stopping cocaine use can cause restlessness, intense hunger, severe depression.

Nicotine affects brain chemicals by acting on nicotinic receptors.

Intoxication by nicotine may only include restlessness.

Stopping nicotine use causes irritability, anxiety, and increased appetite.

LSD influences the brain's serotonin activity.

Addiction is a condition where a person loses control over drug use, compulsively craving the drug, even despite negative consequences. It involves psychological cravings, not just physical dependency.

Addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain, creating feelings of pleasure and reward triggered by the activity.

The ERK pathway is a cellular communication system. Drugs can affect this pathway and cause cell behaviours to change.

Calmodulin-related genes play a role in cell function, but drug use can cause these genes to become less active, which affects normal cell processes.

Drugs can affect genes managing fats and the cell's internal transport system. This alters how cells grow and maintain themselves.

Glutamate and GABA receptors are like the brain's on/off switches. Drugs can alter these switches, changing brain communication.

Tolerance is when the brain adapts to a drug, requiring a larger dose to feel the same effect.

Withdrawal symptoms arise when drug use stops because the brain changes need to adjust to the absence of the drug.