Pharmacology Chapter 7: Diabetes Mellitus
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?

  • Increases insulin secretion
  • Blocks insulin receptors
  • Increases glucose absorption in the intestines
  • Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity (correct)

    • What is a common side effect of metformin?

  • Hypoglycemia
  • Diarrhea (correct)
  • Weight gain
  • Headache

    • In which population is diabetes mellitus most commonly seen?

  • Children
  • Elderly
  • Adults
  • Both children and adults (correct)

    • What is a contraindication for the use of metformin?

    <p>Severe renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on weight?

    <p>Weight neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected decrease in HbA1C with metformin?

    <p>1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all problems involving the thyroid are due to diabetes mellitus?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique feature of biguanides?

    <p>Weight neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of metformin on insulin?

    <p>Improves insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of metformin therapy on HbA1C levels?

    <p>A decrease of 1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is metformin contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction?

    <p>Because it can build up to toxic levels in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nutritional deficiency associated with metformin therapy?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Metformin?

    <p>Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which metformin decreases glucose levels in the blood?

    <p>By decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the side effects of Metformin?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of metformin on glucose metabolism?

    <p>Decreases hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metformin?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is metformin contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction?

    <p>Risk of exacerbating renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of metformin therapy on body weight?

    <p>Weight neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential nutritional deficiency associated with long-term metformin therapy?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DM1 and DM2?

    <p>DM1 is insulin-dependent, while DM2 is non-insulin-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of diabetes cases are accounted for by DM2?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of oral treatment options in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>To improve insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of DM1?

    <p>Typically develops in childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on intestinal glucose absorption?

    <p>Decreases absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is metformin contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction?

    <p>Due to decreased renal clearance of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of metformin therapy on HbA1C levels?

    <p>Decrease of 1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term effect of metformin therapy?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on hepatic glucose production?

    <p>Decreases hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of biguanides?

    <p>Improves insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of oral treatment options in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>To reduce blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nutritional deficiency associated with long-term metformin therapy?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of DM2?

    <p>Accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metformin on weight?

    <p>Weight neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant hormone produced by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Calcitonin?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the body?

    <p>Decrease weight and increase metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of TRH?

    <p>Stimulates the production of TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Liothyronine (T3) on the body?

    <p>It is used to treat hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of levothyroxine?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on the heart?

    <p>Increase heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of TSH?

    <p>Stimulates the production of T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of methimazole?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on the body's metabolism?

    <p>Increase glucose production and increase lipid metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which insulin, a hormone that secretes glucose for energy, is insufficient or ineffective.

    DM1 vs DM2

    • DM1 is often seen in children, also known as "Kitsis".
    • DM2 accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases.

    Oral Treatment Options

    • Biguanides: a class of medications used to treat diabetes.
    • Medication: Metformin.
    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity.
    • Effects:
      • Weight Neutral.
      • Lowers HbA1C by 1-2%.
    • Side Effects:
      • Diarrhea.
      • Nausea.
      • Flatulence.
      • Vitamin B12 Deficiency, which can lead to anemia if left untreated.
    • Clinical Pearls:
      • Contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min).

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which insulin, a hormone that secretes glucose for energy, is insufficient or ineffective.

    DM1 vs DM2

    • DM1 is often seen in children, also known as "Kitsis".
    • DM2 accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases.

    Oral Treatment Options

    • Biguanides: a class of medications used to treat diabetes.
    • Medication: Metformin.
    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity.
    • Effects:
      • Weight Neutral.
      • Lowers HbA1C by 1-2%.
    • Side Effects:
      • Diarrhea.
      • Nausea.
      • Flatulence.
      • Vitamin B12 Deficiency, which can lead to anemia if left untreated.
    • Clinical Pearls:
      • Contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min).

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which insulin, a hormone that secretes glucose for energy, is insufficient or ineffective.

    DM1 vs DM2

    • DM1 is often seen in children, also known as "Kitsis".
    • DM2 accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases.

    Oral Treatment Options

    • Biguanides: a class of medications used to treat diabetes.
    • Medication: Metformin.
    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity.
    • Effects:
      • Weight Neutral.
      • Lowers HbA1C by 1-2%.
    • Side Effects:
      • Diarrhea.
      • Nausea.
      • Flatulence.
      • Vitamin B12 Deficiency, which can lead to anemia if left untreated.
    • Clinical Pearls:
      • Contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min).

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body cannot produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone that secretes glucose for energy.

    DM1 vs DM2

    • DM1: typically develops in children and is a result of the body's inability to produce insulin.
    • DM2: accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases and is a result of the body's ineffective use of insulin.

    Oral Treatment Options for Diabetes

    Biguanides

    • Medication: Metformin
    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity.
    • Effects:
      • Weight neutral
      • Lowers HbA1C by 1-2%
      • Large drop in comparison to other medications
    • Side Effects:
      • Diarrhea
      • Nausea
      • Flatulence
      • Vitamin B12 deficiency
    • Clinical Pearls:
      • Contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min)
      • Cannot be taken by anemic patients

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body cannot produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone that secretes glucose for energy.

    DM1 vs DM2

    • DM1: typically develops in children and is a result of the body's inability to produce insulin.
    • DM2: accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases and is a result of the body's ineffective use of insulin.

    Oral Treatment Options for Diabetes

    Biguanides

    • Medication: Metformin
    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity.
    • Effects:
      • Weight neutral
      • Lowers HbA1C by 1-2%
      • Large drop in comparison to other medications
    • Side Effects:
      • Diarrhea
      • Nausea
      • Flatulence
      • Vitamin B12 deficiency
    • Clinical Pearls:
      • Contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min)
      • Cannot be taken by anemic patients

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body cannot produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone that secretes glucose for energy.

    DM1 vs DM2

    • DM1: typically develops in children and is a result of the body's inability to produce insulin.
    • DM2: accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases and is a result of the body's ineffective use of insulin.

    Oral Treatment Options for Diabetes

    Biguanides

    • Medication: Metformin
    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity.
    • Effects:
      • Weight neutral
      • Lowers HbA1C by 1-2%
      • Large drop in comparison to other medications
    • Side Effects:
      • Diarrhea
      • Nausea
      • Flatulence
      • Vitamin B12 deficiency
    • Clinical Pearls:
      • Contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min)
      • Cannot be taken by anemic patients

    Hormone Regulation

    • GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) regulates hormone secretion in the uterus
    • TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone) stimulates the release of TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland

    Thyroid Hormones

    • Calcitonin is the most abundant hormone in the thyroid gland
    • T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are produced by the thyroid gland
    • T3 is used before thyroid surgery
    • T4 cannot be used for weight loss and must be checked for thyroid levels

    Thyroid Disorders

    • Hyperthyroidism can be caused by cancer
    • Treatments for hyperthyroidism include propylthiouracil, methimazole, or surgery
    • BID (twice a day) and QD (once a day) are medication schedules for thyroid treatment

    Pregnancy and Thyroid

    • Thyroid storm can occur during pregnancy, causing weight gain, chills, and fever

    Bone Health

    • Phosphate is essential for bone health
    • VitD is essential for Phos absorption, and diet plays a crucial role
    • Ent (enteral nutrition) and Cart (cartilage health) are related to bone health

    Anterior Pituitary

    • The anterior pituitary gland regulates hormone secretion, including TSH
    • Labor and vasoconstriction are related to anterior pituitary function

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    Related Documents

    Diabetes Lecture Notes PDF
    Endocrine Disorders Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the treatment options for diabetes mellitus, including oral and injectable medications, as well as different types of insulin. It is based on the second lecture of week seven in a pharmacology course.

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