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What is the main purpose of a productive cough?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of cough?
What is a common symptom of anaerobic bacterial infections?
Which of the following is a complication of chronic cough?
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What is the term for cough that is initiated by stimulation of vagally mediated sensory pathways?
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Which of the following is a cause of subacute cough?
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What is the term for the cough that is characterized by the presence of secretions that are difficult to expel?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for chronic cough?
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What is the primary goal of self-treatment of cough?
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What type of cough is associated with viral and atypical bacterial infections?
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What is a common complication of cough?
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What is the purpose of protussives in treatment of cough?
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What should be treated to stop the cough?
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Why should antitussives not be used to treat productive coughs?
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What is a consequence of prolonged coughing?
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What is the mechanism of action of antitussives?
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What is the primary mechanism of codeine in reducing cough?
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What is a potential complication of using humidifiers in nonpharmacologic therapy?
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Why are coolmist humidifiers and vaporizers preferred in nonpharmacologic therapy?
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What is a common side effect of codeine?
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What is the purpose of propping infants upright when they sleep and raising the head of the bed at night?
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What is a contraindication for the use of codeine?
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What is the maximum amount of codeine allowed per 100 milliliters in codeine-containing products?
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What is the purpose of using a rubber bulb nasal syringe in nonpharmacologic therapy?
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Combining antitussives and protussives may be beneficial in treating cough.
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Codeine acts peripherally to decrease the cough threshold.
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Codeine is contraindicated in infants under 6 months old.
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Dextromethorphan is a non-opioid antitussive that can cause respiratory depression.
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Concomitant use of codeine and central nervous system depressants causes subtractive CNS depression.
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Diphenhydramine can cause CNS depression and exacerbate respiratory depression.
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Humidifiers can increase environmental mold, dust mites, minerals, and microorganisms.
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Codeine is contraindicated in patients with known codeine hypersensitivity only during labor.
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The combination of opioids and non-opioid antitussives can increase the risk of respiratory depression.
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Respiratory tract irritation can be caused by inhaled medications.
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Coolmist humidifiers and vaporizers are preferred because they promote bacterial growth.
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Cough medications can exacerbate underlying respiratory conditions like asthma.
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Non-medicated lozenges can increase cough by stimulating throat irritation.
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Cough is a symptoms of GERD.
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Codeine-containing products can contain more than 200 mg of codeine per 100 milliliters.
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Anaerobic bacterial infections are associated with a distinct malodor.
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Dextromethorphan is a type of opioid with analgesic properties.
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Patients with impaired respiratory reserve should use codeine with caution.
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Diphenhydramine is a second-generation antihistamine with antitussive activity.
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Dextromethorphan has a narrow margin of safety.
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The combination of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and dextromethorphan may cause serotonin syndrome.
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Codeine is approximately equipotent with dextromethorphan.
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Dextromethorphan is indicated for the treatment of productive coughs.
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Additive CNS depression occurs with the combination of dextromethorphan and psychotropic medications.
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What is a concern when combining codeine with central nervous system depressants?
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What is a potential complication of using dextromethorphan in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
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What is a side effect of diphenhydramine that can exacerbate respiratory depression?
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What is a risk associated with using humidifiers and vaporizers in non-pharmacologic therapy?
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What is a contraindication for the use of codeine?
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What is a characteristic of dextromethorphan?
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What is a concern when using opioids and non-opioid antitussives together?
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What is a potential complication of respiratory tract irritation caused by inhaled medications?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of codeine in reducing cough?
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What is a potential complication of using humidifiers in nonpharmacologic therapy?
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What is the purpose of using a rubber bulb nasal syringe in nonpharmacologic therapy?
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What is a common side effect of codeine?
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What is the maximum amount of codeine allowed per 100 milliliters in codeine-containing products?
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What is the purpose of propping infants upright when they sleep and raising the head of the bed at night?
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What is a contraindication for the use of codeine?
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Why are coolmist humidifiers and vaporizers preferred in nonpharmacologic therapy?
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What is the primary concern for patients with impaired respiratory reserve when taking codeine?
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What is the main difference between codeine and dextromethorphan?
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What is the potential interaction between diphenhydramine and other medications?
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Why should monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and dextromethorphan not be used together?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of dextromethorphan in reducing cough?
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What is the primary indication for dextromethorphan?
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What is the potential complication of combining opioids and non-opioid antitussives?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of diphenhydramine in reducing cough?
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Diphenhydramine may cause _______________, especially in children.
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Diphenhydramine potentiates the depressant effects of _______________ on the CNS.
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Chlophedianol is an alkylamine _______________ derivative with antitussive, moderate local anesthetic, and mild anticholinergic effects.
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Diphenhydramine should be used with caution in patients with diseases potentially exacerbated by drugs with _______________ activity.
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Diphenhydramine can cause _______________ depression and exacerbate respiratory depression.
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Chlophedianol is indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by _______________ or mechanical respiratory tract irritation.
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Diphenhydramine containing antitussives should not be used with any other _______________ containing product, including topical products.
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Large doses of chlophedianol are associated with _______________, vertigo, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness.
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Patients with impaired respiratory reserve (e.g., asthma or COPD) or preexisting respiratory depression, ______ addicts, and individuals who take other respiratory depressants or sedatives, including alcohol, should use codeine with caution.
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Dextromethorphan is considered approximately ______ with codeine.
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Dextromethorphan is a nonopioid with no ______, sedative, respiratory depressant, or addictive properties at usual antitussive doses.
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Dextromethorphan has a ______ margin of safety.
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The combination of ______ oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and dextromethorphan may cause serotonergic syndrome.
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Diphenhydramine is a nonselective (first-generation) ______ with significant sedating and anticholinergic properties.
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Diphenhydramine acts centrally in the ______ to increase the cough threshold.
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Additive CNS depression occurs with the combination of ______ and psychotropic medications.
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Codeine acts centrally on the ______ to increase the cough threshold.
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The concomitant use of codeine and ______ depressants causes additive CNS depression.
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Non-medicated lozenges may reduce cough by decreasing ______ irritation.
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Diphenhydramine can cause ______ depression and exacerbate respiratory depression.
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Humidifiers can increase environmental ______, dust mites, minerals, and microorganisms.
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Codeine is contraindicated in patients with known ______ hypersensitivity.
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Codeine-containing products must contain one or more non-codeine active ingredients and no more than ______ mg of codeine per 100 milliliters.
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The most common side effects of codeine are ______, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and constipation.
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Match the following medications with their effects:
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Match the following medication interactions with their effects:
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Match the following medication contraindications with their reasons:
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Match the following respiratory effects with their causes:
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Match the following non-pharmacologic therapies with their effects:
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Match the following antitussives with their characteristics:
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Match the following medication effects with their consequences:
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Match the following medication interactions with their risks:
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Match the following antitussives with their properties:
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Match the following medications with their effects on the central nervous system:
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Match the following patient populations with their precautions for using codeine:
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Match the following medications with their interactions with other drugs:
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Match the following medications with their indications:
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Match the following side effects with the medications:
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Match the following medications with their mechanisms of action:
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Match the following medications with their safety profiles:
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Match the following medications with their potential side effects:
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Match the following medications with their antitussive mechanisms:
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Match the following medications with their indications:
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Match the following medication interactions with their effects:
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Match the following medications with their cautions:
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Study Notes
Cough
- Cough is a vital defensive respiratory reflex that can have significant physical, psychological, and economic consequences.
- It is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical care.
Etiology of Cough
- Acute cough causes: viral URTI, pneumonia, acute left ventricular failure, asthma, and foreign body aspiration.
- Subacute cough causes: post-infectious cough, bacterial sinusitis, and asthma.
- Chronic cough causes: UACS, asthma, GERD, COPD, ACEIs, bronchogenic carcinoma, carcinomatosis, sarcoidosis, autoimmune disease, left ventricular failure, and aspiration secondary to pharyngeal dysfunction.
Clinical Presentation of Cough
- Coughs can be productive (wet or "chesty" cough) or nonproductive (dry or "hacking" cough).
- Productive coughs may be effective or ineffective, and the appearance of secretions is not always a reliable diagnostic indicator.
- Nonproductive coughs serve no useful physiologic purpose and are associated with viral and atypical bacterial infections, GERD, cardiac disease, and some medications.
- Common complications of cough include exhaustion, insomnia, musculoskeletal pain, hoarseness, excessive perspiration, and urinary incontinence.
Treatment of Cough
- The primary goal of self-treatment of cough is to reduce the number and severity of cough episodes, and the second goal is to prevent complications.
- The underlying disorder must be treated to stop the cough.
- Antitussives (cough suppressants) are used to control or eliminate cough and are the drugs of choice for nonproductive coughs.
- Protussives (expectorants) change the consistency of mucus and increase the volume of expectorated sputum and may provide relief for coughs that expel thick, tenacious secretions.
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Nonpharmacologic therapy includes non-medicated lozenges, humidification, interventions to promote nasal drainage, and hydration.
- Non-medicated lozenges may reduce cough by decreasing throat irritation.
- Humidifiers increase the amount of moisture in inspired air, which may soothe irritated airways.
Pharmacologic Therapy
- Codeine is a medication used to treat cough, acting centrally on the medulla to increase the cough threshold.
- Codeine-containing products must contain one or more non-codeine active ingredients and no more than 200 mg of codeine per 100 milliliters.
- Common side effects of codeine include nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and constipation.
Cough Therapy
- FDA allows various combinations of antitussives, protussives, analgesics, decongestants, and antihistamines, but combinations of antitussives and protussives are potentially counterproductive.
- Non-pharmacologic therapy includes non-medicated lozenges, humidification, interventions to promote nasal drainage, and hydration.
Non-Pharmacologic Therapy
- Non-medicated lozenges reduce cough by decreasing throat irritation.
- Humidifiers (ultrasonic, impeller, and evaporative) increase moisture in inspired air, soothing irritated airways, but high humidity may increase environmental mold, dust mites, minerals, and microorganisms.
- Vaporizers produce a medicated vapor, with cool-mist humidifiers and vaporizers preferred due to fewer bacteria growth and less risk of scalding.
- Babies and young children (up to 2 years) can't blow their noses, so a rubber bulb nasal syringe may be used to clear nasal passages and reduce cough.
- Propping infants upright when sleeping and raising the head of the bed promotes drainage of nasal secretions.
Pharmacologic Therapy
- Codeine acts centrally on the medulla to increase the cough threshold, but has side effects like nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and constipation.
- Concomitant use of codeine and CNS depressants causes additive CNS depression.
- Codeine is contraindicated in patients with known codeine hypersensitivity and during labor when a premature birth is anticipated.
Cough
- Cough is an important defensive respiratory reflex with potential physical, psychological, and economic consequences.
- Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical care.
- Cough is initiated by stimulation of chemically and mechanically sensitive vagally mediated sensory pathways in laryngeal, esophageal, and tracheobronchial airway epithelium.
Etiology of Cough
- Acute cough: viral URTI, pneumonia, acute left ventricular failure, asthma, foreign body aspiration.
- Subacute cough: post-infectious cough, bacterial sinusitis, asthma.
- Chronic cough: UACS, asthma, GERD, COPD, ACEIs, bronchogenic carcinoma, carcinomatosis, sarcoidosis.
Clinical Presentation of Cough
- Coughs are described as productive or nonproductive.
- Productive cough expels secretions from the lower respiratory tract.
- The appearance of secretions is not always a reliable diagnostic indicator.
Dextromethorphan
- Considered approximately equipotent with codeine, dextromethorphan is a nonopioid with no analgesic, sedative, respiratory depressant, or addictive properties.
- Dextromethorphan acts centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold.
- Indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation.
- Has a wide margin of safety, with uncommon side effects including drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort, or constipation.
Diphenhydramine
- Diphenhydramine is a nonselective antihistamine with significant sedating and anticholinergic properties, acting centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold.
- Indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation.
- Second-generation antihistamines (e.g., loratadine and fexofenadine) lack antitussive activity.
Cough Therapy
- FDA allows various combinations of antitussives, protussives, analgesics, decongestants, and antihistamines, but combinations of antitussives and protussives are potentially counterproductive.
- Non-pharmacologic therapy includes non-medicated lozenges, humidification, interventions to promote nasal drainage, and hydration.
Non-Pharmacologic Therapy
- Non-medicated lozenges reduce cough by decreasing throat irritation.
- Humidifiers (ultrasonic, impeller, and evaporative) increase moisture in inspired air, soothing irritated airways, but high humidity may increase environmental mold, dust mites, minerals, and microorganisms.
- Vaporizers produce a medicated vapor, with cool-mist humidifiers and vaporizers preferred due to fewer bacteria growth and less risk of scalding.
- Babies and young children (up to 2 years) can't blow their noses, so a rubber bulb nasal syringe may be used to clear nasal passages and reduce cough.
- Propping infants upright when sleeping and raising the head of the bed promotes drainage of nasal secretions.
Pharmacologic Therapy
- Codeine acts centrally on the medulla to increase the cough threshold, but has side effects like nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and constipation.
- Concomitant use of codeine and CNS depressants causes additive CNS depression.
- Codeine is contraindicated in patients with known codeine hypersensitivity and during labor when a premature birth is anticipated.
Cough
- Cough is an important defensive respiratory reflex with potential physical, psychological, and economic consequences.
- Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical care.
- Cough is initiated by stimulation of chemically and mechanically sensitive vagally mediated sensory pathways in laryngeal, esophageal, and tracheobronchial airway epithelium.
Etiology of Cough
- Acute cough: viral URTI, pneumonia, acute left ventricular failure, asthma, foreign body aspiration.
- Subacute cough: post-infectious cough, bacterial sinusitis, asthma.
- Chronic cough: UACS, asthma, GERD, COPD, ACEIs, bronchogenic carcinoma, carcinomatosis, sarcoidosis.
Clinical Presentation of Cough
- Coughs are described as productive or nonproductive.
- Productive cough expels secretions from the lower respiratory tract.
- The appearance of secretions is not always a reliable diagnostic indicator.
Dextromethorphan
- Considered approximately equipotent with codeine, dextromethorphan is a nonopioid with no analgesic, sedative, respiratory depressant, or addictive properties.
- Dextromethorphan acts centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold.
- Indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation.
- Has a wide margin of safety, with uncommon side effects including drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort, or constipation.
Diphenhydramine
- Diphenhydramine is a nonselective antihistamine with significant sedating and anticholinergic properties, acting centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold.
- Indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation.
- Second-generation antihistamines (e.g., loratadine and fexofenadine) lack antitussive activity.
Diphenhydramine
- Symptoms of diphenhydramine overdose include mild to severe CNS depression, hypotension, and CNS stimulation
- Causes excitability, especially in children
- Potentiates the depressant effects of narcotics, nonnarcotic analgesics, benzodiazepines, tranquilizers, and alcohol on the CNS
- Intensifies the anticholinergic effect of MAOIs and other anticholinergics
- Should be used with caution in patients with diseases potentially exacerbated by drugs with anticholinergic activity
Chlophedianol
- Centrally acting oral antitussive
- Indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation
- Has antitussive, moderate local anesthetic, and mild anticholinergic effects
- Side effects include excitation, hyperirritability, nightmares, hallucinations, hypersensitivity, and urticaria
- Patients with impaired respiratory reserve or preexisting respiratory depression should use with caution
Dextromethorphan
- Nonopioid with no analgesic, sedative, respiratory depressant, or addictive properties at usual antitussive doses
- Acts centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold
- Indicated for the suppression of nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation
- Has a wide margin of safety
- Side effects with usual doses are uncommon, but may include drowsiness, nausea or vomiting, stomach discomfort, or constipation
- Additive CNS depression occurs with alcohol, antihistamines, and psychotropic medications
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Includes non-medicated lozenges, humidification, interventions to promote nasal drainage, and hydration
- Non-medicated lozenges may reduce cough by decreasing throat irritation
- Humidifiers increase the amount of moisture in inspired air, which may soothe irritated airways
- Vaporizers produce a medicated vapor
- Propping infants upright when they sleep and raising the head of the bed at night promotes drainage of nasal secretions
Pharmacologic Therapy
- Codeine containing products must contain one or more non-codeine active ingredients and no more than 200 mg of codeine per 100 milliliters
- Codeine acts centrally on the medulla to increase the cough threshold
- The most common side effects are nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and constipation
- Concomitant use of codeine and CNS depressants causes additive CNS depression
- Contraindicated in patients with known codeine hypersensitivity and during labor when a premature birth is anticipated
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Non-medicated lozenges reduce cough by decreasing throat irritation
- Humidifiers (ultrasonic, impeller, and evaporative) soothe irritated airways by increasing moisture in inspired air
- Vaporizers produce a medicated vapor, with coolmist humidifiers and vaporizers preferred due to fewer bacteria growth and lower scalding risk
- Babies and young children up to 2 years old cannot blow their noses, so a rubber bulb nasal syringe is used to clear nasal passages and reduce cough
- Propping infants upright when sleeping and raising the head of the bed promotes nasal secretion drainage
Pharmacologic Therapy
Codeine
- Codeine-containing products must contain one or more non-codeine active ingredients and no more than 200 mg of codeine per 100 milliliters
- Codeine acts centrally on the medulla to increase the cough threshold
- Side effects include nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and constipation
- Contraindications: known codeine hypersensitivity, labor when premature birth is anticipated, impaired respiratory reserve, preexisting respiratory depression, drug addicts, and individuals taking other respiratory depressants or sedatives
Dextromethorphan
- Equipotent with codeine, but nonopioid with no analgesic, sedative, respiratory depressant, or addictive properties at usual antitussive doses
- Acts centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold
- Indicated for suppressing nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation
- Wide margin of safety, but side effects include drowsiness, nausea or vomiting, stomach discomfort, or constipation
- Additive CNS depression occurs with alcohol, antihistamines, and psychotropic medications
Diphenhydramine
- Nonselective (first-generation) antihistamine with sedating and anticholinergic properties
- Acts centrally in the medulla to increase the cough threshold
- Indicated for suppressing nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation
- Side effects include excitability, especially in children, and potentiates CNS depressant effects of other drugs
- Contraindications: diseases exacerbated by anticholinergic activity, such as narrow angle glaucoma, stenosing peptic ulcer, and cardiovascular disease
Chlophedianol
- Centrally acting oral antitussive with antitussive, moderate local anesthetic, and mild anticholinergic effects
- Indicated for suppressing nonproductive cough caused by chemical or mechanical respiratory tract irritation
- Side effects include excitation, hyperirritability, nightmares, hallucinations, hypersensitivity, and urticaria
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Description
Learn about the symptoms, causes, and consequences of cough, a common defensive respiratory reflex. Explore the physical, psychological, and economic impacts of cough.