Pharmacology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is pharmacology concerned with?

  • The interaction of drugs with cells, tissues, and organisms (correct)
  • The classification of diseases and their symptoms
  • The development of new medical devices
  • The study of the human brain and its functions

    • What is pharmacokinetics concerned with?

  • The study of the genetic influences on drug effects
  • The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (correct)
  • The study of the adverse effects of drugs
  • The study of the mechanism of action and biological effects of drugs

    • What is the main focus of clinical pharmacology?

  • The study of the interaction between genes and drug effects
  • The study of the effects of drugs on different body systems
  • The optimization of drug therapy in individual patients (correct)
  • The study of the toxicity of poisons

    • What type of protein do drugs like Paracetamol bind to?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the mechanisms of action and biological effects of drugs?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure do drugs like Nifedipine bind to?

    <p>Ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole?

    <p>Inhibits proton pumps and blocks acid secretion in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with discovering the first anti-B substance in 1924?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a crude drug?

    <p>Any naturally occurring, unrefined substance, derived from organic or inorganic sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for using extracts of purple foxglove to treat oedema associated with heart failure?

    <p>Withering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with synthesizing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)?

    <p>Hoffman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founder of modern pharmacology?

    <p>Schmiedeberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Overview

    • Pharmacology is the study of the interactions between drugs and cells, tissues, and organisms.
    • When considering a drug, it's essential to review its actions, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, mode of administration, adverse effects, contraindications, and uses.

    Subdivisions of Pharmacology

    • Pharmacokinetics: the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME).
    • Pharmacodynamics: the study of the mechanism of action and biological effects of drugs.
    • Other subdivisions include:
      • Systems pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on different systems (e.g., neuropharmacology, respiratory pharmacology).
      • Clinical pharmacology: the study of drugs in humans, aiming to optimize drug therapy in individual patients.
      • Pharmacotherapeutics: the science of using drugs as treatments.
      • Pharmacogenetics: the study of genetic influences on drug effects.
      • Toxicology: the study of poisons and organ toxicity.

    Drug Binding Structures

    • Cell membrane: drugs like Salbutamol bind to β2 receptors, causing bronchial relaxation and treating bronchial asthma.
    • Ion channels: drugs like Nifedipine block Ca2+ channels, producing an anti-hypertensive effect.
    • Enzymes: drugs like Paracetamol inhibit cyclooxygenase, producing analgesic and antipyretic effects.
    • Carrier proteins: drugs like Omeprazole inhibit proton pumps, blocking acid secretion in the gut and treating peptic ulcer disease.
    • Receptors: various drugs bind to specific receptors, producing different effects.

    Historical Review of Pharmacology

    • Ancient Egypt (1500 BC): papyri described herbal remedies and treatments.
    • Hippocrates: used metallic salts to treat various disorders.
    • Serturner (1804): first extracted opium.
    • Buchheim: founder of experimental pharmacology.
    • Schmiedeberg: founder of modern pharmacology, studied chloroform and chloral hydrate.
    • Withering: English physician who used extracts of purple foxglove to treat oedema associated with heart failure.
    • Alexander Fleming (1924): discovered the first anti-B substance.
    • John Jacob Abel: American biochemist who isolated adrenaline from adrenal gland extracts.
    • Hoffman: German chemist who synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

    Crude Drugs

    • A crude drug is a naturally occurring, unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources, intended for use in treating organisms.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of pharmacology, including the interaction of drugs with cells and organisms, and the key aspects of drug review.

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