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Questions and Answers
What is pharmacology concerned with?
What is pharmacokinetics concerned with?
What is the main focus of clinical pharmacology?
What type of protein do drugs like Paracetamol bind to?
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What is the term for the study of the mechanisms of action and biological effects of drugs?
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What type of structure do drugs like Nifedipine bind to?
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What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole?
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Who is credited with discovering the first anti-B substance in 1924?
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What is the definition of a crude drug?
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Who is known for using extracts of purple foxglove to treat oedema associated with heart failure?
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Who is credited with synthesizing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)?
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Who is considered the founder of modern pharmacology?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Pharmacology is the study of the interactions between drugs and cells, tissues, and organisms.
- When considering a drug, it's essential to review its actions, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, mode of administration, adverse effects, contraindications, and uses.
Subdivisions of Pharmacology
- Pharmacokinetics: the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME).
- Pharmacodynamics: the study of the mechanism of action and biological effects of drugs.
- Other subdivisions include:
- Systems pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on different systems (e.g., neuropharmacology, respiratory pharmacology).
- Clinical pharmacology: the study of drugs in humans, aiming to optimize drug therapy in individual patients.
- Pharmacotherapeutics: the science of using drugs as treatments.
- Pharmacogenetics: the study of genetic influences on drug effects.
- Toxicology: the study of poisons and organ toxicity.
Drug Binding Structures
- Cell membrane: drugs like Salbutamol bind to β2 receptors, causing bronchial relaxation and treating bronchial asthma.
- Ion channels: drugs like Nifedipine block Ca2+ channels, producing an anti-hypertensive effect.
- Enzymes: drugs like Paracetamol inhibit cyclooxygenase, producing analgesic and antipyretic effects.
- Carrier proteins: drugs like Omeprazole inhibit proton pumps, blocking acid secretion in the gut and treating peptic ulcer disease.
- Receptors: various drugs bind to specific receptors, producing different effects.
Historical Review of Pharmacology
- Ancient Egypt (1500 BC): papyri described herbal remedies and treatments.
- Hippocrates: used metallic salts to treat various disorders.
- Serturner (1804): first extracted opium.
- Buchheim: founder of experimental pharmacology.
- Schmiedeberg: founder of modern pharmacology, studied chloroform and chloral hydrate.
- Withering: English physician who used extracts of purple foxglove to treat oedema associated with heart failure.
- Alexander Fleming (1924): discovered the first anti-B substance.
- John Jacob Abel: American biochemist who isolated adrenaline from adrenal gland extracts.
- Hoffman: German chemist who synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
Crude Drugs
- A crude drug is a naturally occurring, unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources, intended for use in treating organisms.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of pharmacology, including the interaction of drugs with cells and organisms, and the key aspects of drug review.
