Pharmacology Basics Quiz
30 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of administering medication to individuals?

Medication is primarily administered for diagnosis, prevention, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.

What is the significance of the 'generic name' of a drug?

The generic name is assigned by the manufacturer after approval by the regulatory body and is used throughout the drug’s lifetime. A drug usually has only one generic name.

What is the difference between prescription and nonprescription medications?

Prescription medications require a doctor's written order for preparation and administration, while nonprescription (OTC) medications can be purchased without a prescription.

Explain the role of a pharmacist.

<p>A pharmacist prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered by a physician or dentist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a drug derived from a plant source, and name the plant source.

<p>Digoxin is derived from the foxglove plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the generic name for a drug with the chemical name N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide?

<p>Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade name for Diazepam?

<p>Valium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation MOA stand for, in the context of pharmacodynamics?

<p>Mechanism of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacokinetics, what is the process by which a drug passes into the bloodstream called?

<p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacological term for the transportation of a drug to various parts of the body?

<p>Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term bioavailability in the context of drugs.

<p>Bioavailability refers to the similarity of two drugs in terms of their absorption rate and extent, as well as their therapeutic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the elimination of a drug from the body?

<p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define pharmacokinetics in simple terms.

<p>Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the four key processes involved in pharmacokinetics.

<p>Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the process of drug absorption.

<p>Drug absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration typically results in the greatest absorption?

<p>Intravenous (IV) administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define bioavailability.

<p>Bioavailability is the percentage of a drug that reaches systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bioavailability of a drug administered intravenously?

<p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the level of drug absorption affect the drug's action?

<p>The level of absorption affects the speed and quantity of the drug at the site of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two factors that greatly affect the rate and extent of drug absorption.

<p>The nature of the drug and the route of administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics.

<p>Metabolism is the process by which the body chemically modifies drugs, often to detoxify them or activate prodrugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of a drug determines its ability to cross the cell membrane?

<p>Whether the drug is water or lipid soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can lipid-soluble drugs easily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>The membranes of the endothelial lining of the BBB are lipid-based.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does plasma protein binding affect a drug's ability to produce a pharmacological effect?

<p>When a drug molecule binds to plasma proteins, it becomes inactive and cannot bind to its target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the cell membrane that influences drug permeability?

<p>Phospholipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are general anesthetics able to quickly deliver effects to the body?

<p>General anesthetics are highly lipid soluble and can penetrate cell membranes quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water-soluble drugs in aqueous solutions?

<p>They dissolve, ionize to form positive and negative ions, and tend to stay in plasma and interstitial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>It regulates the entrance of substances from the blood into the brain and protects the brain from harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the ratio of bound to unbound drug molecules in plasma?

<p>The type of drug used and the presence of other plasma substances competing for binding sites on plasma proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a drug is described as highly protein-bound, approximately what percentage of the drug is bound to protein?

<p>More than 80%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on living systems.

Prescription

Written direction for drug preparation and administration, includes patient details and doctor's signature.

OTC Medication

Nonprescription medication available for purchase to treat mild health problems.

Chemical Name

Name that describes the structure of a drug based on atomic or molecular structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generic Name

Name assigned by the manufacturer after approval, recognized internationally and usually one per drug.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acetaminophen

A common pain reliever and fever reducer, also known as paracetamol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how the body affects a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pharmacodynamics

The study of how drugs affect the body, including mechanisms of action.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Absorption

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream after administration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Distribution

The process of transporting a drug throughout the body after it has been absorbed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Metabolism

The chemical modification made by the body to a drug, often leading to detoxification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Excretion

The elimination of drugs from the body, primarily through urine or feces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absorption

The process by which a drug passes into the bloodstream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distribution

The transportation of a drug throughout the body after absorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metabolism

The chemical modification of a drug by the body, often to detoxify or activate it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Excretion

The elimination of a drug from the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bioavailability (BA)

The percentage of a drug that reaches systemic circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intravenous (IV)

A method of drug administration where drugs go directly into the veins, resulting in 100% bioavailability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rate of Absorption

The speed at which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, affecting its efficacy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Route of Administration

The method by which a drug is given to achieve absorption, impacting its bioavailability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Membrane

The barrier that separates a cell from its environment, mainly composed of phospholipids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipid-Soluble Drugs

Drugs that can easily cross cell membranes due to their fat solubility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water-Soluble Drugs

Drugs that dissolve in water and generally do not cross cell membranes easily.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A selective barrier that protects the brain by regulating substance entry from blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ionization of Drugs

The process where drugs form charged particles (ions), affecting their solubility and movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma Proteins Binding

The attachment of drug molecules to plasma proteins, which renders them inactive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free Drug

The portion of a drug that remains unbound to plasma proteins, thus active.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Protein-Binding

When more than 80% of a drug is bound to plasma proteins, limiting its effect.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrolytes

Ions formed by drug ionization, that help in drug movement and activity in body fluids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Concepts of Pharmacology

  • Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living systems.
  • Pharmacy is the place for preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs.
  • A pharmacist prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered by a physician or dentist.

Introduction

  • Medication is a chemical substance administered for diagnosis, prevention, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom.
  • Prescription is written directions for preparing and administering a drug, containing patient, medication name, dose, route, frequency, amount, and doctor's signature.
  • Nonprescription (OTC) medication can be purchased without a prescription and used to promote health or treat mild health problems.

Sources of Drugs

  • Drugs can be natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic.
  • Natural sources include plants (e.g., foxglove—digoxin), animals (e.g., pregnant mare serum—conjugated estrogens), and microorganisms (e.g., Penicillium mold—penicillin).
  • Synthetic drugs are made in a laboratory.
  • Genetic engineering (biotechnology) is another source, such as insulin.

Drug Names

  • Chemical name describes the drug's atomic/molecular structure and functional groups, seldom used in practice.
  • Generic name is assigned by the regulatory body, internationally recognized and used throughout the drug's lifetime.
  • Brand name/trade name is given by the manufacturer, often short, and easy to remember. One drug can have multiple brand names.

Brand vs. Generic Drugs

  • Active ingredients in brand and generic drugs are the same.
  • Generic drugs are usually lower in cost.
  • Drug bioavailability refers to the similarity of two drugs' absorption rate and extent, along with their therapeutic effects.
  • FDA regulates bioavailability testing of drugs for differences in size, form, etc.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmacokinetics describes the body's actions on the drug.
  • Absorption is the drug's movement into the bloodstream or process.
  • Distribution is the transportation of the drug to various parts of the body.
  • Metabolism (biotransformation) is chemically modifying the drug by the body, often detoxifying it.
  • Excretion is the elimination of the drug from the body.

Drug Absorption

  • Absorption is the drug's process of entering the bloodstream.
  • The administering form and correct route are essential for drug absorption.
  • Direct administration into the veins (IV) results in the greatest rate of absorption.

Bioavailability (BA)

  • Bioavailability is the percentage of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation, accessing the site of action.
  • Intravenous (IV) administration has 100% bioavailability.
  • Factors affecting bioavailability include drug properties, the person's physiology, speed of emptying, food, acid medium in the stomach, time of day, foods ingested, use of antacids, medications, and the client's age.

Bioavailability (First-pass metabolism)/effect

  • Oral medication is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) via the hepatic portal vein and enters the liver.
  • The liver metabolizes, destroys, or reduces the amount of active drug entering the blood circulation system, reducing bioavailability.
  • Some oral medications pass through the liver and are partially metabolized prior to reaching the target organ.

First-pass metabolism/effect

  • Blood capillaries in the villi absorb sugar, amino acids, and drugs through the hepatic portal vein to the liver and then the heart, pumping to different body parts.
  • The liver filters toxins to prevent their circulation in the bloodstream.

Prodrugs

  • Some drugs can't be administered directly as active drugs and need to be administered as inactive prodrugs.
  • Prodrugs are metabolized (via first pass effect) and converted to active drugs to have a pharmacological effect.
  • Administration of prodrugs improves drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Prodrugs are designed to enhance bioavailability, especially when a drug is poorly absorbed from the GI tract.

Drug Forms

  • Drugs must be dissolved in solution before being absorbed.
  • Liquid medications absorb faster than tablets as dissolution is not required.
  • The smaller the drug size, the larger the surface area, the faster the dissolution and absorption rate, as in powder or crystal form.
  • Drugs diffuse across cell membranes from high to low concentration areas.

Common Drug Forms

  • Forms include aqueous, tablets, capsules, lozenges, delayed-release products, transdermal patches, creams, ointments, drops, powders, and drug extracts.
  • Different forms have various speeds of release and absorption.

Pharmacokinetics: Drug Distribution

  • Drug distribution is the process of drug movement from the systemic circulation to the target site of action in the body.
  • Organs with higher blood supply receive drugs faster (e.g. liver, kidneys, heart, brain), while areas with lower blood supply receive drugs slower (e.g., skin, muscles).

Blood Flow

  • Blood flow to internal organs varies. The liver, kidneys, and brain receive the most blood and are exposed to the highest drug amounts.

Across capillary wall

  • Capillary walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells.
  • Drug molecules diffuse across these cells into interstitial fluid and then into tissues.
  • Drugs reach distribution equilibrium between circulating plasma and various body compartments (tissues and organs).

Across cell membrane

  • Cell membranes are mainly composed of phospholipids.
  • Lipid-soluble drugs cross cell membranes easily.
  • The ability of a drug to cross cell membranes depends on whether it's water-soluble or lipid-soluble.

Drug Distribution

  • Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross cell membranes, including the blood-brain barrier, and quickly deliver effects.
  • Water-soluble drugs mainly stay in plasma and interstitial fluid.

Distribution: Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a lining of endothelial cells surrounding the blood supply to the brain.
  • It regulates the entrance of substances from blood to the brain, protecting it from harmful substances like alcohol.
  • Lipid-soluble drugs easily pass across the BBB.

Plasma proteins binding

  • Drug molecules can bind to plasma proteins (e.g., albumin), becoming inactive and unable to bind to drug targets.
  • Only unbound drugs interact with their targets and have pharmacological effects.
  • Highly protein-bound drugs have more than 80% of the drug bound to protein.

Plasma proteins binding

  • The ratio of bound to unbound drug molecules depends on the type of drug used and the presence of various substances.
  • The higher the unbound drug molecules, the greater the pharmacological effects.

Drug Metabolism

  • Drug metabolism (biotransformation) is the chemical alteration of drugs and foreign compounds in the body, often detoxifying them.
  • Some drugs need chemical alteration to be detoxified and excreted.

CYP450 enzymes

  • CYP450 enzymes perform oxidation and reduction reactions.
  • They convert lipid-soluble drugs into water-soluble ones for kidney excretion.
  • They also convert certain drugs into pharmacologically active metabolites.

Drug Metabolism (Developmental Changes)

  • Developmental changes (e.g., infant/elderly) affect drug metabolism due to immature or declining liver function and enzyme production.
  • Nurses must be aware of potential drug accumulation and toxicity in these clients.

Drug Excretion

  • Drug excretion is the process of eliminating drugs from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine).
  • Renal excretion efficiency depends on kidney function, reducing with age.
  • Other routes include the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (bile), respiratory system (lungs), and other exocrine glands (sweat, salivary, or mammary glands), and skin.

Drug Excretion - Drug Half-life

  • Drug half-life is the time taken to eliminate half the drug from the body.
  • Factors affecting half-life include absorption, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Repeated doses are necessary to maintain a consistent drug level in the body.
  • The amount of drug declines by 50% after each half-life.

Pharmacokinetics: Loading Dose and Maintenance Dose

  • A loading dose (higher initial dose) is often given at the beginning of treatment to achieve a rapid target concentration.
  • A maintenance dose (lower dose) is then administered to maintain this target concentration.
  • The dose administration rate is adjusted to maintain a steady target plasma concentration.

Pharmacokinetics: Peak Plasma Level

  • Peak plasma level is the highest concentration of the drug in the bloodstream, reached when the absorption rate is equal to the elimination rate.
  • Intravenous (IV) administration results in a faster and higher immediate peak level.

Pharmacokinetics: Plateau

  • Administering repeated scheduled doses will maintain a steady drug plasma level after four to five half-lives.
  • Plateau duration refers to the drug's effect duration.

Loading Dose and Maintenance Dose

  • Loading doses are administered initially to quickly achieve therapeutic concentrations of drugs in the body.
  • Maintenance doses keep the body at the desired concentration, with the dose rate adjusted to match the input and loss rates.

Pharmacodynamics

  • Pharmacodynamics describes the drug's effects on the body, focusing on the mechanisms of action (MOA).
  • MOA relates to interactions between the drug and its receptors or other primary sites of action.

Receptor

  • Receptors are specific drug targets that either enhance or inhibit normal cell function in the body.
  • Drug binding to receptors is typically reversible.

Receptors

  • Most drugs exert their effects by binding to receptors at the cellular level.
  • Hormones and neurotransmitters work through binding to specific receptors.

Agonists and Antagonists

  • Agonists stimulate receptors, similar to specific natural body substances.
  • Antagonists block receptors, oppositely affecting body function.

Agonist

  • Agonists display an affinity for a receptor and bind to it, stimulating the receptor, producing the same response as the natural body substance.
  • Examples of agonists include adrenaline-like drugs that increase heart rate.
  • Partial agonists bind to the receptor but produce a weaker effect than full agonists.

Antagonist

  • Antagonists display an affinity for a receptor but do not stimulate it; they block the receptor, preventing a response and inhibiting cell function.
  • Examples include naloxone, used to reverse opioid overdose.

Receptor

  • Receptors are the drug's target, typically proteins located on a cell's surface or within the cell itself.
  • The way a drug binds to a receptor determines its ability to either enhance or inhibit the cell's function.

Drug Metabolism (page 36)

  • Biotransformation includes chemical changes to drugs and foreign compounds, detoxifying them for elimination.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Concepts of Pharmacology 藥理學 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of essential pharmacological concepts, including medication administration, drug names, and the roles of pharmacists. This quiz covers fundamental topics related to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, enhancing your understanding of how drugs function in the body.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser