Pharmacology Basics: Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacology Basics: Introduction to Pharmacokinetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the chemical name of Ibuprofen?

  • Acetaminophen
  • Isobutylphenylproprionic acid (correct)
  • Ampicillin
  • Aminobenzyl Penicillin
  • Which of the following represents a therapeutic class of drugs?

  • Antihypertensives (correct)
  • Ibuprofen
  • Beta-adrenergic blockers
  • Paracetamol
  • Which option represents a correctly formatted route of drug administration for sublingual use?

  • IM
  • BUCC
  • SL (correct)
  • PO
  • Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Five Rights' of medication administration?

    <p>Right agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of controlled substances?

    <p>They have a high abuse potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abbreviation indicates a drug administered via intramuscular route?

    <p>IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a drug’s generic name?

    <p>To avoid confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prescription format is incorrect?

    <p>The prescription can be made verbally only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the FDA play in pharmacology?

    <p>It regulates safety and efficacy of drugs in the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about adverse drug reactions is true?

    <p>All drugs have the potential to produce adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'half-life' in pharmacokinetics refer to?

    <p>The time required for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to decrease by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of pharmacology focuses specifically on undesirable effects of drugs?

    <p>Toxicology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacotherapeutics primarily deals with which aspect of drug use?

    <p>Preventive and treatment-oriented selection of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacology?

    <p>Studying drug effects in humans through clinical trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?

    <p>It may cause irritation to gastric mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the first-pass metabolism have on drugs administered orally?

    <p>It reduces the amount of active drug reaching systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major route of drug administration?

    <p>Dermatological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might oral drug administration be ineffective in some cases?

    <p>Drugs can be destroyed by gastric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would most likely prevent the use of oral medication?

    <p>The patient is unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of enteric-coated preparations?

    <p>To protect drugs from stomach acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence the absorption of orally administered drugs?

    <p>The stomach pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is the intravenous (IV) route preferred over oral administration?

    <p>In cases of emergency when rapid drug action is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of extended-release preparations?

    <p>They can maintain drug concentrations over a long period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the sublingual and buccal routes of administration?

    <p>Inconvenience and small doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use for the parenteral route of drug administration?

    <p>For drugs that are stable in the GI tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of intravenous (IV) drug administration?

    <p>It bypasses the absorption phase completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major disadvantage of intravenous drug administration is:

    <p>It risks local tissue damage and infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration bypasses the first-pass metabolism?

    <p>Sublingual administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for using the intramuscular (IM) route?

    <p>To provide a larger volume of drug delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the disadvantages of parenteral drug administration is true?

    <p>There is a risk of introducing infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of depot preparations in drug administration?

    <p>They allow for sustained drug release over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of subcutaneous (SC) injections?

    <p>Minimizes risks of thrombosis associated with IV injections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for the intradermal (ID) route of drug administration?

    <p>Diagnostic determination and desensitization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is nasal inhalation an effective route for delivering certain drugs?

    <p>It provides immediate local and systemic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is the intrathecal injection method preferred?

    <p>When local effects are needed in the cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of using the transdermal route for drug administration?

    <p>The drug must be highly potent to be effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route should NOT be used for drugs that cause tissue irritation?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of drugs administered via oral inhalation?

    <p>They provide rapid access to the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Basics: Introduction

    • Pharmacology is the study of drug effects on living systems. It covers aspects like drug source, properties, administration, absorption, action, metabolism, excretion, uses, and adverse effects.
    • A drug is any substance used to modify physiological systems or treat disease.
    • Pharmacodynamics focuses on drug effects on the body (what the drug does).
    • Pharmacokinetics focuses on how the body handles drugs (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion).

    Pharmacokinetic Processes

    • Absorption: The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the site of administration.
    • Distribution: The process by which a drug travels from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs.
    • Metabolism: The process by which a drug is chemically transformed into a form that can be excreted.
    • Excretion: The process by which a drug is eliminated from the body, primarily through urine, feces, and breath.

    Basic Pharmacokinetic Terms

    • Half-life: The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the plasma to reduce by half.
    • Steady state: When the rate of drug administration equals the rate of drug elimination, resulting in a constant concentration of the drug in the body.
    • Order of kinetics: Describes the relationship between the rate of drug elimination and the drug concentration.

    Drug Safety and Effectiveness

    • Factors affecting drug action: Age, weight, sex, disease state, genetics, and other medications.
    • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs): Unintended effects of a drug. These can range from mild and transient to severe and even fatal.
    • Drug names:
      • Chemical name: Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure.
      • Generic name (nonproprietary name): The official name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council.
      • Trade name/Brand name/Product (proprietary name): The name given to a drug by the manufacturer, protected by trademark.

    Drug Grouping:

    • Pharmacologic class: Groups drugs that share similar characteristics, like beta-adrenergic blockers.
    • Therapeutic class: Groups drugs by their therapeutic use, like antihypertensives.

    Routes of Drug Administration

    • Enteral routes: Drugs are administered through the gastrointestinal tract (oral, sublingual, buccal).
    • Parenteral routes: Drugs are administered directly into the bloodstream or tissues bypassing the GI tract (IV, IM, SC, ID).
    • Other routes: Transdermal, nasal inhalation, oral inhalation, topical, rectal, vaginal.

    Oral Route

    • Advantages: Convenience, self-administration, relatively safe, cost-effective.
    • Disadvantages: Variable absorption, possible inactivation by gastric acid or digestive enzymes, first-pass effect, delayed action.

    Parenteral Routes

    • Advantages: Bypass first-pass metabolism, accurate dosing, rapid onset of action.
    • Disadvantages: Irreversible, potential for infection, risk of tissue damage, pain, fear.

    Special Considerations

    • First-pass effect: Metabolic inactivation of a drug by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.
    • Depot preparations: Drugs formulated to provide sustained release of medication over a longer period of time.
    • Controlled Substances: Drugs with a high potential for abuse and tightly regulated use and distribution.

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    Pharmacology Introduction PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of pharmacology, focusing on the pharmacokinetic processes essential for understanding drug action in the body. This quiz covers key concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Test your knowledge on how drugs affect living systems and the body's handling of those drugs.

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