Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is an example of a pharmacodynamic mechanism of action?
Which medication class is used to treat depression?
What type of drug interaction occurs when one drug affects the metabolism of another drug?
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What is the study of the adverse effects of drugs and other substances on living organisms?
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What is an example of a factor that influences pharmacokinetics?
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What type of toxicity refers to severe, immediate effects?
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Which of the following is a factor that influences pharmacodynamics?
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Study Notes
Pharmacokinetics
- Study of how the body affects a drug
- Processes involved:
- Absorption: drug enters bloodstream
- Distribution: drug spread throughout body
- Metabolism: drug broken down by enzymes
- Excretion: drug eliminated from body
- Factors that influence pharmacokinetics:
- Dose and route of administration
- Patient age, weight, and kidney/liver function
- Food and other substances that interact with the drug
Pharmacodynamics
- Study of how a drug affects the body
- Mechanisms of action:
- Receptor binding: drug binds to specific receptors on cells
- Enzyme inhibition: drug blocks enzyme activity
- Ion channel modulation: drug affects ion flow across cell membranes
- Factors that influence pharmacodynamics:
- Dose and concentration of the drug
- Patient genetics and individual variability
- Presence of other diseases or conditions
Drug Interactions
- Occur when one drug affects the action of another drug
- Types of interactions:
- Pharmacokinetic interactions: one drug affects another's absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion
- Pharmacodynamic interactions: one drug affects another's mechanism of action
- Additive interactions: effects of two drugs are added together
- Synergistic interactions: effects of two drugs are multiplied
- Antagonistic interactions: one drug counteracts the effect of another
Medication Classes
- Groupings of drugs based on their mechanism of action or therapeutic use
- Examples:
- Antibiotics: inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria
- Antihypertensives: lower blood pressure
- Analgesics: relieve pain
- Antidepressants: treat depression
- Anti-inflammatory drugs: reduce inflammation
Toxicology
- Study of the adverse effects of drugs and other substances on living organisms
- Types of toxicity:
- Acute toxicity: severe, immediate effects
- Chronic toxicity: long-term, cumulative effects
- Idiosyncratic toxicity: unpredictable, individual reactions
- Factors that influence toxicity:
- Dose and duration of exposure
- Individual variability and genetic differences
- Presence of other substances that interact with the drug
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects a drug
- Processes involved in pharmacokinetics include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- Absorption: drug enters bloodstream
- Distribution: drug spread throughout body
- Metabolism: drug broken down by enzymes
- Excretion: drug eliminated from body
- Factors that influence pharmacokinetics include dose and route of administration, patient age, weight, and kidney/liver function, and food and other substances that interact with the drug
Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects the body
- Mechanisms of action in pharmacodynamics include receptor binding, enzyme inhibition, and ion channel modulation
- Receptor binding: drug binds to specific receptors on cells
- Enzyme inhibition: drug blocks enzyme activity
- Ion channel modulation: drug affects ion flow across cell membranes
- Factors that influence pharmacodynamics include dose and concentration of the drug, patient genetics and individual variability, and presence of other diseases or conditions
Drug Interactions
- Drug interactions occur when one drug affects the action of another drug
- Types of interactions include pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions
- Pharmacokinetic interactions: one drug affects another's absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion
- Pharmacodynamic interactions: one drug affects another's mechanism of action
- Additive interactions: effects of two drugs are added together
- Synergistic interactions: effects of two drugs are multiplied
- Antagonistic interactions: one drug counteracts the effect of another
Medication Classes
- Medication classes are groupings of drugs based on their mechanism of action or therapeutic use
- Examples of medication classes include antibiotics, antihypertensives, analgesics, antidepressants, and anti-inflammatory drugs
- Antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria
- Antihypertensives lower blood pressure
- Analgesics relieve pain
- Antidepressants treat depression
- Anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation
Toxicology
- Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of drugs and other substances on living organisms
- Types of toxicity include acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, and idiosyncratic toxicity
- Acute toxicity: severe, immediate effects
- Chronic toxicity: long-term, cumulative effects
- Idiosyncratic toxicity: unpredictable, individual reactions
- Factors that influence toxicity include dose and duration of exposure, individual variability and genetic differences, and presence of other substances that interact with the drug
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Description
Learn about the fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Understand how patient factors and drug interactions influence drug effects.
