Pharmacology Basics and Therapeutics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of drug therapy?

  • To replace all other forms of treatment
  • To provide maximum benefit with minimum harm (correct)
  • To ensure better drug pricing
  • To provide maximum harm to the patient

All drugs can be considered completely safe for use.

False (B)

What are the two primary roles of therapeutics?

To diagnose and treat disease, and to prevent pregnancy.

The study of drugs in humans is known as ________.

<p>clinical pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the properties of an ideal drug with their descriptions.

<p>Effectiveness = The primary property a drug must possess Safety = No drug is completely safe Selectivity = No drug is entirely selective; all have side effects Reversible Action = Ability to reverse the effects of the drug after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of albumin in drug transport?

<p>To bind drug molecules for transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bound drug molecules are considered active and can leave the vascular system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the percentage of drug binding to albumin?

<p>The unique properties of each drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only ______ drug molecules can leave the vascular system.

<p>unbound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their potential effects on albumin production:

<p>Liver disease = Decreases albumin production Dehydration = Increases albumin concentration in the blood Malnutrition = Decreases albumin production Obesity = May affect albumin concentration indirectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to poor adherence in older adults? (Select all that apply)

<p>Living alone (A), Recent discharge from hospital (C), Multiple chronic disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of nonadherence cases in older adults are due to intentional actions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to promote adherence in older adults?

<p>Simplified drug regimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the reasons for nonadherence in older adults is the presence of __________.

<p>side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reasons for nonadherence with their descriptions:

<p>High cost of drugs = More likely to skip medication due to expenses Cognitive impairment = Difficulties in remembering to take medication Belief that a drug is unnecessary = Patient feels treatment is not needed Inability to pay for drugs = Financial burden preventing medication purchase</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Drug X has an initial peak of 500 mcg/L and is given 31 doses every 12 hours, what will the level be just before the 31st dose?

<p>500 mcg/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peak level of Drug X is always twice the trough level.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of food on the absorption of drugs?

<p>Food can either decrease or increase the absorption of drugs, affecting their therapeutic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug must first bind to a _______ for it to exert its effects on the body.

<p>receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Pharmacokinetics = The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Pharmacodynamics = The study of the effects of drugs on the body Trough level = The lowest concentration of a drug in the bloodstream before the next dose Peak level = The highest concentration of a drug in the bloodstream after administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a receptor?

<p>A functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An antagonist is a molecule that activates receptors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of agonists in drug-receptor interactions?

<p>Agonists activate receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of noncompetitive antagonists?

<p>They bind irreversibly to receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ of a drug to a receptor determines its potency.

<p>affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The therapeutic index measures a drug's effectiveness rather than its safety.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of drug with its description:

<p>Agonist = Activates receptors Partial agonist = Produces a lesser response than an agonist Antagonist = Blocks receptor activation Affinity = Strength of binding to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ED50 represent in pharmacology?

<p>The effective dose for 50% of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT related to drug-receptor interaction?

<p>Type of drug administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Norepinephrine can increase cardiac output by binding to receptors on the heart.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug with a higher therapeutic index is considered to be ______ safe.

<p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a partial agonist compared to a full agonist?

<p>A partial agonist produces a response, but not as great as that of a full agonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do subsequent doses of a drug need to be adjusted?

<p>To match the patient’s response to the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug concept with its description:

<p>Therapeutic Index = Ratio of LD50 to ED50 ED50 = Effective dose for 50% of people Noncompetitive Antagonist = Irreversible binding to receptors Competitive Antagonist = Reversible binding competing with agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

Irreversible binding by noncompetitive antagonists has a permanent impact on receptor availability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the maximal response of an agonist when noncompetitive antagonists are present?

<p>It is reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.

Therapeutics (Pharmacotherapeutics)

The use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases, or to prevent pregnancy.

Effectiveness

The most important property a drug can have, meaning it achieves the desired therapeutic effect.

Selectivity

The ability of a drug to produce only the desired effect without causing unwanted side effects.

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Predictability

The ideal drug should have a predictable response in patients, allowing for consistent treatment.

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Drug Half-Life (T1/2)

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half.

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Drug Plateau

The steady state of a drug in the body, achieved when the rate of drug administration equals the rate of drug elimination.

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Drug Peak

The highest concentration of a drug in the body after a single dose.

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Drug Trough

The lowest concentration of a drug in the body before the next dose is administered.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of how drugs affect the body.

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Protein Binding

The reversible binding of drug molecules to albumin, a large protein in blood, for transport. This binding keeps the drug inactive until it detaches.

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Free vs. Bound Drugs

Only unbound (free) drug molecules can leave the bloodstream and reach their target site. Bound molecules are too large to pass through the capillary wall.

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Binding Percentage

The percentage of a drug that binds to albumin is unique to each drug. This impacts how much drug is available for action.

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Albumin and Drug Concentrations

Conditions that affect albumin production, like liver disease or malnutrition, can alter the free and bound drug concentrations, affecting the drug's activity.

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Dynamic State of Binding

The dynamic equilibrium where drug molecules continuously leave and attach to albumin, creating a constant balance of free and bound drug.

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What is a receptor?

Any functional macromolecule in a cell that a drug binds to, resulting in a specific effect.

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Name some examples of receptors.

Enzymes, ribosomes, and tubulin are all examples of macromolecules that can act as receptors.

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How do drugs produce their therapeutic effects?

A drug's therapeutic effect is achieved by enhancing the body's existing capabilities.

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What is an agonist?

A molecule that activates a receptor, triggering a cellular response.

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What is a partial agonist?

A molecule that partially activates a receptor, producing a weaker response compared to a full agonist.

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What is an antagonist?

A molecule that blocks the activation of a receptor, preventing a response.

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What is Simple Occupancy Theory?

The strength of a drug's effect is related to the number of receptors occupied.

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How does drug affinity impact response?

The strength of a drug's effect is influenced by its affinity to the receptor.

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Intentional Nonadherence

When a patient chooses not to take their medication as prescribed, even though they understand the instructions.

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Factors Contributing to Poor Adherence

Factors that can make it difficult for older adults to follow their medication regimen.

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Promoting Adherence

The process of making it easier for patients to adhere to their medication regimen.

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Unintentional Nonadherence

When a patient unintentionally forgets to take their medication or misses a dose.

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Health Literacy in Medication Instructions

Creating clear and concise instructions based on the patient's understanding level, to improve adherence.

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Irreversible Antagonists

Antagonists that bind irreversibly to receptors, reducing the number of receptors available for activation. This decreases the maximal response an agonist can elicit.

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Competitive Antagonists

Antagonists that compete with agonists for receptor binding. They bind reversibly, with the receptor occupied by the agent present in higher concentration.

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Interpatient Variability

The variation in drug response among individuals due to factors like genetics, age, weight, and disease.

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ED50 (Effective Dose, 50%)

The dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population.

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Therapeutic Index

The ratio of a drug's LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of subjects) to its ED50, reflecting the drug's safety margin. A higher therapeutic index indicates a safer drug.

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LD50 (Lethal Dose, 50%)

The average lethal dose required to kill 50% of the animals treated.

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TD50 (Toxic Dose, 50%)

The average dose that produces a toxic effect in 50% of the animals treated.

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Fine-tuning Drug Doses

Adjusting drug dosage based on a patient's response to ensure optimal treatment.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology: The Basics

  • A drug is any chemical that affects living processes.
  • Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.
  • Clinical pharmacology studies drugs in humans.
  • Therapeutics involves using drugs to diagnose, treat, prevent, or prevent pregnancy to maintain health.

Pharmacology: The Therapeutic Objective

  • Drug therapy aims for maximum benefit with minimal harm.
  • Key components for successful drug therapy include: skill, judgment, knowledge, and a desire to do good rather than harm. Study, learn, apply these principles.
  • Effectiveness, safety, and selectivity are crucial drug properties.

Properties of an Ideal Drug

  • Effectiveness is the most important drug property.
  • No drug is truly safe.
  • All drugs have side effects.
  • Ideally, drugs should act reversibly and predictably, be easy to administer, not interact with other drugs, be inexpensive, chemically stable, and have simple names. Understanding why each property is important is pivotal.

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Related Documents

NUR 613 Advanced Pharmacology and Therapeutics Exam 1 PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of pharmacology, including the properties of drugs, their therapeutic objectives, and the principles of drug therapy. Understand the importance of effectiveness, safety, and selectivity in drug development and use.

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