Pharmacology Basics and Objectives
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Questions and Answers

If Drug X has an initial peak of 500 mcg/L and is given every 12 hours, what will be the drug level just before the 31st dose is given?

  • 500 mcg/L (correct)
  • 1000 mcg/L
  • 250 mcg/L
  • 2000 mcg/L

    • At plateau, the peak drug level is always double the initial drug peak.

    True (A)

    What must occur for a drug to have an effect in the body?

    The drug must bind to a receptor.

    Food can either ____ or ____ the absorption of a drug.

    <p>increase, decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following food impacts on drug absorption with their effects:

    <p>Milk = Binds tetracycline Fiber = Binds digoxin High-calorie meal = Increases absorption of Invirase Fasting = Decreases absorption rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'potency' refer to in pharmacology?

    <p>The amount of drug required to elicit a desired response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agonists do not activate receptors.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as the dosage of a drug increases?

    <p>The response becomes progressively larger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An antagonist causes pharmacological effects by blocking the activation of _______.

    <p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug has greater efficacy in relieving pain according to the described dose-response relationship?

    <p>Meperidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A highly potent drug will always have a higher maximal efficacy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between selectivity of a drug and its side effects?

    <p>The more selective a drug is, the fewer side effects it will produce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of drug action with its correct definition:

    <p>Agonist = Molecule that activates receptors Antagonist = Blocks receptor activation Efficacy = Maximal response a drug can produce Potency = Amount of drug needed for response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a receptor in drug interactions?

    <p>To bind drugs and produce effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An antagonist activates a receptor to produce a physiological response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule would you classify norepinephrine as in the context of cardiac output?

    <p>Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs with _____ affinity for a receptor have a higher potency.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of drug interactions with their definitions:

    <p>Agonist = Activates receptors Partial agonist = Produces a response but not as great as an agonist Antagonist = Blocks the activation of a receptor Affinity = Measure of binding strength to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding drug-receptor interaction?

    <p>Modified occupancy theory suggests that drugs with higher affinity have higher potency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac output can be decreased by drugs that act as agonists on the receptors for norepinephrine.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the effect of a partial agonist compared to a full agonist.

    <p>Producing a smaller physiological response than a full agonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs can cause discoloration of developing teeth in children?

    <p>Tetracyclines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults are less sensitive to drugs compared to younger adults.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major reason for poor adherence to medication in older adults?

    <p>Multiple medications or complex regimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In older adults, renal function undergoes progressive decline beginning in early ________.

    <p>adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age-related effects with their related drugs:

    <p>Glucocorticoids = Growth suppression Tetracyclines = Discoloration of developing teeth Sulfonamides = Kernicterus in neonates Aspirin = Increased bleeding risk in elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a reason for increased adverse drug reactions in older adults?

    <p>Lower sensitivity to medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Beers Criteria is a guideline that helps prevent inappropriate prescribing in older adults.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hepatic metabolism in older adults?

    <p>It declines with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is most commonly associated with allergic reactions?

    <p>Penicillins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Idiosyncratic effects of drugs are always caused by the dosage of the drug.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a paradoxical effect in the context of drug responses?

    <p>The opposite of the intended drug response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The state of having adapted to a drug such that withdrawal symptoms occur if the drug is discontinued is called ______.

    <p>physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug interactions with their definitions:

    <p>Addition = 1 + 1 = 2 Synergism = 1 + 1 &gt; 2 Inhibition = 1 + 1 &lt; 2 Intensification = Increased effects from drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an iatrogenic disease?

    <p>Parkinson’s-like symptoms from antipsychotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug-drug interactions can only intensify the effects of drugs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Phase I in drug development?

    <p>To evaluate drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and biologic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors that determine the intensity of drug responses vary from ______ to ______.

    <p>person, person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a decrease in drug effects from interactions?

    <p>Inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of the drug interaction between aspirin and warfarin?

    <p>Increased adverse effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver is not crucial in many drug-drug interactions due to its limited metabolic capacity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to minimize adverse drug-drug interactions?

    <p>Minimize the number of drugs a patient receives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ interval measures the time required for the ventricles to repolarize after each contraction.

    <p>QT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to drug interactions with their descriptions:

    <p>Cytochrome P450 = Group of enzymes involved in drug metabolism Hepatotoxic = Substance toxic to the liver Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) = Unexpected harmful effect of a drug Boxed Warning = Strongest drug safety warning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can reduce drug absorption?

    <p>Elevated gastric pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that prolong the QT interval can increase the risk of life-threatening dysrhythmias.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a drug that is known to be hepatotoxic.

    <p>Acetaminophen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are ______ little adults in terms of drug metabolism and therapeutic responses.

    <p>not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their specific target organ toxicity:

    <p>Amphotericin B = Kidneys Doxorubicin = Heart Amiodarone = Lungs Aminoglycoside = Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to increased drug interactions?

    <p>Increasing number of drugs a patient is taking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interaction of Propranolol and Albuterol results in reduced therapeutic effects.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytochrome P450 system in drug metabolism?

    <p>To facilitate the metabolism of drugs in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology: The Basics

    • A drug is any chemical substance that affects living processes.
    • Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.
    • Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs in humans.
    • Therapeutics, or pharmacotherapeutics, is the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease.

    Pharmacology: The Therapeutic Objective

    • The goal of drug therapy is to provide the most benefit with the least harm.
    • Skills, judgment, knowledge, and the desire to do good are necessary for effective drug therapy.

    Properties of an Ideal Drug

    • Effectiveness: a drug must be effective at achieving its purpose.
    • Safety: the drug should produce the desired effects with minimal or no adverse side effects.
    • Selectivity: the drug should only affect the intended target without harming other parts of the body.
    • Reversibility: the drug's effects should be reversible.
    • Predictability: the drug should produce the same response in different people, assuming the same dose.
    • Ease of administration: administration should be safe and effective for the patient.
    • Freedom from drug interactions: the drug should not affect or be affected by other drugs.
    • Low cost: the drug must be cost-effective.
    • Chemical stability: the drug must remain stable during storage and use.
    • Simple generic names: the names should be easy to understand for all users.

    Drug-Drug Interactions

    • Intensification of effects: some drugs may increase the therapeutic or adverse effects of other drugs.
    • Reduction of effects: some drugs may reduce the therapeutic or adverse effects.

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    Related Documents

    NUR 613 Advanced Pharmacology and Therapeutics Exam 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of pharmacology, including the effects of drugs on living organisms and their therapeutic objectives. Learn about the properties of an ideal drug, emphasizing effectiveness, safety, and selectivity. This quiz is essential for understanding the core principles of drug therapy and its application in clinical settings.

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