Pharmacology Antidotes and Drug Administration

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the antidote for an overdose of benzodiazepines?

Protamine sulfate

Flumazenil (correct)

Acetylcysteine

Naloxone

What is the appropriate antidote for a heparin overdose?

Vitamin K

Protamine sulfate (correct)

Calcium gluconate 10%

Digoxin immune fab

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a high risk of medication errors?

Lisinopril (correct)

Warfarin

Heparin

Insulin

What is the antidote used in the event of an acetaminophen overdose?

Acetylcysteine Signup and view all the answers

Besides the name of the medication, dose, and route what else must be included in a drug order?

Frequency of administration, date, time, and signature of prescriber Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an antidote for a tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

Sodium bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which most systemic lipid-soluble drugs cross biologic membranes?

Direct penetration though the cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the antidote for a lead overdose?

Dimercaptosuccinic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which process best describes the movement of a drug from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring cellular energy?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the rights of medication administration?

The right to refuse Signup and view all the answers

How does facilitated diffusion differ from passive diffusion in the context of drug transport?

It utilizes a carrier substance to help transport drug molecules across a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of drug distribution within the body?

The transport of drug molecules throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of drug metabolism?

The alteration of drugs from their original form. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'excretion' refer to when discussing pharmacokinetics?

The removal of a drug from the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a prototype drug?

The first drug of a particular group to be developed, representing that class of medications. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a generic drug name and a trade drug name?

Generic names often indicate the drug group and are related to the chemical name, while trade names are designated by the manufacturer and patented. Signup and view all the answers

What does the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of a drug refer to?

The lowest concentration of a drug in the blood required to produce a desired effect. Signup and view all the answers

A drug with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use would be classified under which schedule, according to the Controlled Substances Act?

Schedule I Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a more authoritative source of drug information compared to the Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)?

Drug Facts and Comparisons Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is primarily responsible for enforcing the Controlled Substances Act in the United States?

The DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative?

To enhance safety and quality in nursing practice and patient care. Signup and view all the answers

According to the "Rights of Medication Administration", which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental rights?

Right price Signup and view all the answers

What does the "Beers Criteria" primarily focus on?

Identifying medications that should be avoided or used with caution in older adults. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of a drug name written in generic form?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of toxic drug concentration in the bloodstream?

Single large dose of medication Signup and view all the answers

According to the receptor theory of drug action, what is the immediate result of a drug binding to a receptor?

A psychochemical reaction that stimulates or inhibits normal cellular functions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an antagonist drug?

A drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary mechanism through which drug-drug interactions can alter the effect of a drug?

By altering the drug's metabolism, therefore increasing or decreasing its effects Signup and view all the answers

Which patient-related variable is least likely to affect drug action?

Geographic location Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a hematologic effect considered an adverse drug reaction?

Excessive bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an idiosyncratic drug reaction?

An unexpected reaction to a drug with first time given Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a drug overdose, what is the first step if the patient is collapsed and not breathing?

Call emergency medical services (911) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical site for subcutaneous injections?

Deltoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

In the nursing process, which step involves gathering patient information related to medication administration?

Assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of evidence-based nursing practice in medication administration?

Integrating research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences Signup and view all the answers

A potential danger of using herbal supplements alongside prescribed medications is:

Unknown interactions that may cause toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of inflammation?

Redness and warmth to the touch Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism is described as a single-celled organism without a nucleus?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from other microorganisms?

They are parasitic and require living tissue to survive. Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is most directly related to minimizing the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms?

Administering medications as prescribed, completing the full course, and educating the client on proper usage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of prostaglandins in the body?

They are involved in regulating body functions and the inflammatory response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when prescribing antibiotics to increase benefits and decrease risks?

Use antibiotics targeted at the specific identified organism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a primary function of endogenous corticosteroids?

To control metabolic, inflammatory and immune processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical manifestation of inflammation?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

How does the timing of endogenous corticosteroid release within the body naturally fluctuate?

Levels are higher in the morning and lower at night. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nursing care when administering antimicrobial therapy?

To apply the nursing process to monitor for desired effects, adverse reactions, and overall patient response to the treatment. Signup and view all the answers

When cellular injury occurs, what specific substances are produced that contribute to inflammation and other body processes?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the action of exogenous corticosteroids?

They mimic the body’s endogenous corticosteroids, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining a Prototype Drug

A prototype drug represents a group of drugs.
It is often the first drug developed for a particular class.
Examples include morphine (opioid analgesics) and penicillin (beta-lactam antibacterial drugs).
In drug literature, prototype drugs are often written in lowercase.

Distinguishing Generic and Trade Names

Generic names refer to the chemical or official name.
Often, generic names indicate a drug group (e.g., "cillin" for penicillins).
Generic names are typically written in lowercase.
Trade names are capitalized and are owned by the manufacturer for their patented drug.

Controlled Substances Categorization

Schedule I: These drugs have no medical use and are highly addictive (e.g., heroin).
Schedule II: These drugs have a high abuse potential, but are medically used (e.g., oxycodone, morphine, pentobarbital).
Schedule III: Lower abuse potential than Schedule II but can lead to dependence. (e.g. some androgens and anabolic steroids, some depressants, mixtures with small amounts of controlled substances).
Schedule IV: Some potential abuse but accepted for medical use (e.g., benzodiazepines, sedatives, appetite stimulants).
Schedule V: Contain moderate amounts of controlled substances and do not require a physician's prescription for common use (e.g., cough suppressants with codeine, antidiarrheal medications).

Drug Safety in Research, Packaging, and Approval

The DEA controls and enforces the Controlled Substances Act.
The DEA registers individuals and companies authorized to handle controlled substances.
This includes regulating documentation and handling of controlled substances throughout various stages, from research to packaging.

Safe Drug Administration Initiatives

The Rights of Medication Administration (11 rights)
Medication Safety Education Initiative for Nurses (QSEN)
National Patient Safety Goals
"Do Not Use" list of abbreviations
Targeted High-Risk Activities
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
High-Alert Medications
Pregnancy Categories
Beers Criteria to avoid certain drugs in seniors

Personal Drug Learning Techniques

Drug safety is a concern.
Ensure you understand the 11 medication rights.
Always consult medication handbooks if needed
Understand drug purposes for which drugs are intended.

Authoritative Drug Information Sources

American Hospital Formulary Service
Drug Facts and Comparisons
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) (less authoritative)

Drug Membrane Pathways

Drugs primarily cross membranes through direct penetration (lipid-soluble).
Drugs can also pass through protein channels.

Pharmacokinetic Processes

Absorption: time the drug enters the body to circulating bloodstream
Distribution: transport of drug molecules within the body
Metabolism: method of altering drugs from original to new form
Excretion: elimination of drug from the body

Individual Drug Response Variations

Genetic variations affect patient responses to drugs
Measuring serum drug levels helps understanding individual differences.
Dosage, absorption, bioavailability, half-life, metabolism, and excretion affect serum drug level

Measuring Serum Drug Levels

Serum drug levels measure drug amounts in blood at a specific time.
They reflect dosage, absorption, bioavailability, half-life, etc.
Minimum effective concentration (MEC) is crucial for drug efficacy.
Toxic concentration, due to single large doses or slow metabolism can be dangerous

Receptor Theory of Drug Action

Pharmacodynamics studies drug effects on the body.
Drug actions often involve mimicking hormones/neurotransmitters.
Receptor binding causes biochemical alterations within the cell

Agonist vs. Antagonist Drugs

Agonists: mimic natural substances and produce similar effects.
Antagonist: block functions by occupying receptor sites

Mechanisms and Effects of Drug-Drug Interactions

Interactions can amplify or reduce drug impacts and change metabolism

Age, weight, genetics, existing medical conditions, psychological factors are major considerations for effective drug action.

Adverse Drug Effects on Body Systems

Central Nervous System (CNS) effects: stimulation (agitation) or depression (sedation)
Gastrointestinal (GI) effects: nausea, vomiting (N/V/D)
Hematologic effects: bone marrow depression, excessive bleeding, anemia.
Liver and kidney effects (hepatic and nephrotoxicity)
Hypersensitivity reactions
Drug fever
Idiosyncratic reactions (unexpected responses)

Drug Overdose & Toxicity: Initial Management

Call 911 if the patient is collapsed or not breathing.
Contact poison control for further instructions
Immediately start treatment when possible using antidotes.
Support organs to reduce harm

Drug Antidotes

Antidotes for specific drugs are available. Such as acetaminophen (acetylcysteine), anticholinergic (atropine/physostigmine) warfarin (Vitamin K), tricyclic antidepressants (sodium bicarbonate) , etc
Knowing these antidotes and the mechanisms involved can help managing drug overdose & toxicity

Important Drug Information

Information on various drugs, including their chemical names.

Applying Medication Administration Rights

Follow "rights" (dose, drug, time, route, patient, documentation, etc.) consistently.
Understand drug information to accurately administer medications.

Calculating Drug Dosages Accurately

The ability to accurately calculate drug dosages is crucial

Nursing Process in Medication Administration

Use of the nursing process when administering medications. This includes assessments (assess patient before any medication is given), nursing diagnoses, planning, interventions, and evaluation

Evidence-Based Practices in Medication Administration

Employ evidence-based practice methods in drug administration and care.

Alternative & Complementary Therapies and Contraindications

Be wary of supplements and their potential to interact with prescribed medications.
Seek professional help with medication decisions.

Characteristics of Inflammation

inflammation occurs due to tissue damage and injury
Cellular response of the body to trauma
Specific characteristics of inflammation are pain, redness and swelling

Groups of Drugs for Treating Inflammation

NSAIDS (such as ibuprofen and aspirin)
Corticosteroids

Common Microorganisms Causing Infections

Bacteria (single-celled organisms without nuclei, can be aerobic or anaerobic)
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

Infection Characteristics and Control

Understanding characteristics of infections and control measures
Information on microorganisms is provided in various formats to facilitate learning.

Minimizing Drug-Resistant Microorganisms

Rational use of antibiotics is essential to minimize drug resistance

Antimicrobial Therapy Nursing Process

Apply the nursing process when caring for patients receiving antimicrobial therapy.

Role of Prostaglandins

Understanding the role of prostaglandins in inflammation

Symptoms of Fever and Inflammation

Common signs of fever and inflammation

Common Disorders that Cause Inflammation

Information on common disorders causing inflammation.

Salicylates, Acetaminophen, Propionic Acid, COX-2 Inhibitors, Mitotic Agents & Uricosuric Drugs

In-depth information about a range of medications, including their actions, uses, side effects, contraindications, and nursing implications, allowing a thorough understanding of diverse drug therapies.

Corticosteroids

Effects of endogenous corticosteroids.
Characteristics of adrenal cortex disorders.
Actions and clinical indications for use of exogenous corticosteroids.
Contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing implications of corticosteroids.
Potential impact of other substances/factors affecting corticosteroid need.
Appropriate nursing process implementation for patients receiving corticosteroids.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacology, specifically focusing on antidotes for various overdoses and critical aspects of drug administration. This quiz covers essential concepts such as medication errors, drug transport mechanisms, and the rights of medication administration.