Pharmacology and Toxicology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a Schedule I drug?

  • Diazepam
  • LSD (correct)
  • Methadone
  • Oxycodone

    • The active, parent drug found in marijuana is ______.

    Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

    Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde, which is then further broken down into acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and water.

    True (A)

    What is the primary function of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Benzodiazepines are primarily used to treat anxiety and as tranquilizers and sedatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an indicator of CNS stimulant use?

    <p>Constricted pupils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their respective classifications:

    <p>Heroin = Narcotic analgesic Flunitrazepram = DFSA drug Methamphetamine = CNS stimulant Ketamine = Dissociative anesthetic LSD = Hallucinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The free base form of cocaine is known as ______.

    <p>Crack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fentanyl is a synthetic narcotic analgesic that is less potent than morphine.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a postmortem specimen typically used for toxicological analysis?

    <p>Bone Marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a route of administration for drugs?

    <p>Telepathic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is postmortem redistribution?

    <p>Postmortem redistribution refers to the movement of drugs within the body after death, which can affect the concentration of drugs found in different tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Back spatter is blood projected towards the source of the impact.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how drugs affect the body called?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time required for a drug's plasma concentration to decrease by 50% is called its ______.

    <p>half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical toxicologists are primarily concerned with the legal aspects of drug use and poisoning.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main subdivisions of forensic toxicology?

    <p>The three main subdivisions of forensic toxicology are postmortem toxicology, human performance toxicology (DUI), and forensic drug testing (workplace testing).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood spatter pattern to its description:

    <p>Forward spatter = Blood projected away from the source of impact Back spatter = Blood projected towards the source of impact Cast-off stains = Blood flung from a moving object Arterial spurts/gushes = Blood sprayed in an arc pattern due to blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Executive Order ______ mandates the use of drug testing in the workplace.

    <p>12564</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting drug distribution?

    <p>Drug solubility in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Luminol is a chemical that permanently fixes blood to a surface.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a common indicator of inhalant use?

    <p>Dilated pupils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'void' refer to in blood spatter analysis?

    <p>An area where a secondary object blocked the blood from reaching the target, creating an outline or shadow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) coordinates the ______ program.

    <p>International Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category in the Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) program?

    <p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Postmortem redistribution of drugs can affect blood concentration levels in different tissues.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) program?

    <p>To identify drivers who are under the influence of drugs, based on a standardized 12-step evaluation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ effect describes the reduction in drug concentration when it passes through the liver before entering the systemic circulation.

    <p>first-pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a drug or substance that produces effects similar to those of another drug?

    <p>Analogue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance means that a person needs a higher dose of a drug to achieve the same effect over time.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in Delaware?

    <p>0.080 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dose of a substance is the sole determinant of whether it is considered a poison.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in a toxicological analysis?

    <p>Identification (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The analysis of volatile substances like toluene is typically performed using ______ gas chromatography.

    <p>headspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metals has been used in cosmetics, paints, and medicines?

    <p>Lead (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to confirm the presence of drugs in a sample using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry?

    <p>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following screening tests with the drug or drug class they are used to detect:

    <p>Marquis Reagent = Opiates, Amphetamines Duquenois-Levine Test = Cannabis ELISA = Various drugs and drug classes (approximately 18)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a set level of impairment for individuals using drugs that can be used for interpretation of DUI cases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that has a high affinity for hemoglobin and causes hypoxia?

    <p>Carbon Monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a new discipline dedicated to the characterization, analysis, and interpretation of evidence for attribution purposes from an act of bioterrorism, biocrime, hoax, or inadvertent release of a microorganism or toxin.

    <p>Microbial forensics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good bioterror agent?

    <p>High cost of production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most deadly way to contract anthrax?

    <p>Inhalation anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Anthrax Attack in 2001 was a deliberate act of bioterrorism.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organization that provides services related to fire investigations in Delaware?

    <p>The Investigations and Code Enforcement Division of the Office of the State Fire Marshal in Delaware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of K-9 is trained to detect accelerants used in arson?

    <p>Arson detection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Flinders Technology Associates (FTA®) Cards in DNA analysis?

    <p>Storage of DNA samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'VNTR' refers to variable number tandem repeats, which are regions of DNA that vary in the number of times a specific sequence is repeated.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between organic extraction and Chelex® methods in DNA extraction?

    <p>Organic extraction uses a combination of phenol and chloroform to separate DNA from cellular components, while Chelex® utilizes a chelating agent to bind metal ions that degrade DNA, allowing for a simpler and faster extraction process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ is used to amplify small amounts of DNA, making it suitable for forensic analysis.

    <p>polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of DNA repeats with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Dimeric = Repeats of two base pairs Trimeric = Repeats of three base pairs Tetrameric = Repeats of four base pairs Pentameric = Repeats of five base pairs Hexameric = Repeats of six base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following STR loci are commonly used in forensic science in the United States?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Product Rule is used to calculate the combined probability of two or more STR loci, making it a key tool in assessing the likelihood of a DNA match.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between AMELX and AMELY loci in sex typing?

    <p>AMELX is located on the X chromosome, while AMELY is located on the Y chromosome. The presence of both AMELY and AMELX indicates a male, while the presence of only AMELX indicates a female.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is ______ inherited, meaning it is passed down from mother to offspring.

    <p>maternally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in forensic investigations?

    <p>Presence in all cells, allowing analysis from degraded samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in a population under specific conditions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the product rule is applied in calculating the combined probability match (Pm) for multiple STR loci.

    <p>The product rule states that the probability of two or more independent events happening together is the product of their individual probabilities. In DNA profiling, this means multiplying the genotype frequencies for each individual locus to obtain the overall probability match for the entire profile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a national database that contains DNA profiles from convicted offenders and crime scenes.

    <p>Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of bloodstain pattern observed at a crime scene?

    <p>Projected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bloodstain pattern analysis can provide information about the actions that occurred at a crime scene, such as the direction of movement, the type of weapon used, and the position of the victim.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a wipe stain and a swipe stain in bloodstain pattern analysis?

    <p>A wipe stain is created when an object moves through a pre-existing bloodstain, smearing or wiping it away. Conversely, a swipe stain occurs when a blood-stained object moves across a clean surface, leaving a trail of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The analysis of bloodstain patterns is often used to ______ events that occurred at a crime scene, such as the direction of blood spatter or the position of the victim.

    <p>reconstruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical automotive finish?

    <p>Undercoat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Select Agents and Toxins List includes substances that pose a threat to human and animal health, but not to plant health.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of finding accidental or individual characteristics in both questioned and known samples in trace evidence analysis?

    <p>It can provide strong evidence that the two samples originated from a common source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ principle states that every contact leaves a trace.

    <p>Locard's exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following analytical techniques with the type of trace evidence they are commonly used for:

    <p>Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) = Fibers Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography (PGC) = Paints High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) = Soil Becke Line Immersion Method = Glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Paint Data Query (PDQ)?

    <p>To identify suspect vehicles through paint analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organic part of soil is primarily composed of minerals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between class and individual evidence in trace evidence analysis?

    <p>Class evidence shares characteristics with a group of similar items, whereas individual evidence possesses unique characteristics that link it to a specific source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glass is considered an ______ solid, meaning it lacks the ordered arrangement of atoms found in crystals.

    <p>amorphous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for adding boron oxide to glass to create borosilicate glass?

    <p>To make it more heat-resistant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Analysis

    • Sir Alec Jeffreys (1985) developed VNTR analysis using RFLP.
    • DNA evidence sources:
      • Blood (white blood cells)
      • Hair (nuclear DNA in root, mitochondrial DNA in shaft; medulla, cuticle, cortex)
      • Bone (osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts; compact bone)
      • Teeth (pulp)
      • Other cells (spermatozoa, vaginal cells, buccal cells)
    • Extraction methods:
      • Cell and tissue disruption
      • Membrane and organelle lysis
      • Organic extraction (phenol:chloroform)
    • Contamination control crucial.
    • Storage methods: FTA® Cards, Chelex®.
    • Semen: Differential lysis.
    • Quantification:
      • PCR (denature, anneal, extension)
      • Real-time Q-PCR (measures DNA concentration based on amplicon amount)
      • Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) uses TaqMan® method (reporter dye, quencher molecule; cleavage releases dye).

    Forensic DNA Profiling

    • Short Tandem Repeats (STRs):
      • Core repeat regions in 20 STR loci used in US forensic science.
      • STR naming example: D5S818 (chromosome #, locus number).
      • Repeat lengths (dimer to hexamer), with tetra- and pentameric repeats used most.
      • Allele designation based on repeat numbers (example: (AGAT)10 = allele 10).
      • Simple, compound, and complex repeats (example alleles for D5S818, D8S1179, D21S11).
    • Multiplexing: fluorescent labels on amplicons, separated by capillary electrophoresis.
    • Electropherogram and allelic ladder show homozygosity (one peak), heterozygosity (two peaks) at loci.
    • Mixed samples pose challenges. Interpretation of STR profiling leads to inclusion, exclusion, or inconclusive results.

    Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

    • Used for case-to-offender, case-to-case, familial, and international searches.
    • Two indices: Forensic index (crime scenes), Offender index.
    • Rapid DNA instruments speed up analysis.

    Probability of Matching STR Profiles

    • The product rule calculates the probability of a combined match (Pm) for multiple loci. Allele frequencies guide calculations.

    Sex Typing

    • Amelogenin (AMEL) loci distinguish male from female. (AMELX, AMELY).

    Mitochondrial DNA Profiling

    • mtDNA is maternally inherited.
    • Forensics benefits: maternal inheritance, large amount of mtDNA, robustness.
    • Forensics drawbacks: less resolution compared to nuclear DNA.

    Strength of DNA Profiling

    • Allele frequency (p): count of one allele type divided by total alleles at a locus. Table of frequencies available.
    • Genotype frequency (P): Number of individuals with a given genotype / total individuals.
    • Hardy-Weinberg principle: equilibrium allows prediction of genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies (p² for homozygotes, 2pq for heterozygotes, p² + 2pq + q² = 1).

    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

    • Analyzing bloodstain characteristics (dispersion, shape, volume, pattern, number, relationship).
    • First systematic studies by Eduard Piotrowski (1895).
    • Compositions
      • 55% plasma; 45% formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
    • Three bloodstain types:
      • Passive (clots, drops, flows, pools)
      • Transfer (wipes, swipes, pattern transfers, contact)
      • Projected (spatters, splashes, cast-offs, arterial spurts)
    • Spatter types: forward, back.
    • Cast-offs: linear, reflect the motion of bloody objects.
    • Arterial spurts: arc patterns indicate blood pressure.
    • Miscellaneous (fly spots, voids, skeletonized stains).
    • Measurements: angle of impact, direction angle, directionality, satellite droplets, point-of-origin.
    • Visual enhancements: Luminol, LCV.
    • Documentation of entire scene crucial.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Absorption into bloodstream via various routes (oral, rectal, inhalation, IV, sublingual, transdermal, etc.)
    • Gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
    • First-pass effect/metabolism (drug reduction before systemic circulation).
    • Bioavailability (proportion of drug reaching systemic circulation after oral vs IV).
    • Distribution factors: tissue blood flow, drug-tissue partitioning, molecular size, protein binding.
    • Metabolites = substances produced during metabolism (more or less active).
    • Liver = major site of metabolism.
    • Postmortem redistribution (uneven drug distribution after death; heart blood affected most, femoral or subclavian preferred).
    • Half-life = time for drug concentration to decrease by 50%.

    Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Program

    • Overview: IACP coordinates DEC program; NHTSA support.
    • 12-step DRE process (details in links)
    • 7 Drug categories (details in links)

    Drugs of Abuse

    • Drug definitions and seven DRE categories.
    • Analogue drugs, "cousin" drugs.
    • DEA Schedules (I-V) classify drugs based on abuse potential.
    • Ethanol (CNS depressant); distribution in tissues with high water content; chronic consumption leads to liver damage (cirrhosis).
    • CNS depressants (adverse effects: reduced pulse & blood pressure). Examples: barbiturates, benzodiazepines (Valium®, Xanax®).
    • CNS stimulants (adverse effects: increased pulse & blood pressure; dilated pupils). Examples: amphetamines (methamphetamine), cocaine (crack), MDMA.
    • Hallucinogens (adverse effects: synesthesia). Example: LSD.
    • Dissociative anesthetics; adverse effects: "moon walking" Example: PCP.
    • Narcotic analgesics (adverse effects: "on the nod" constricted pupils). Opioid = morphine-like. Opiate = naturally occuring/semi-synthetic from opium. Heroin (metabolizes to 6-monoacetylmorphine and then morphine), oxycodone/hydrocodone (Vicodin®), carfentanil.
    • Inhalants (adverse effects: flushed face; examples: nitrous oxide, volatile solvents, aerosols)
    • Cannabinoids (adverse effects: reddened eyes). Active drug: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

    Forensic Toxicology

    • Pharmacology (drug effects), Pharmacokinetics (drug movement), Pharmacodynamics (drug actions).
    • Clinical vs. Forensic toxicology.
    • Postmortem toxicology, Human Performance Toxicology (DUI), Workplace drug testing.
    • Postmortem specimens (blood [2 sites], VH, urine, bile, tissues, gastric contents, other). Alternative samples (skeletal muscle, bone, hair, nails, maggots).
    • Interpretation considers context, tested specimens, drug interactions, and postmortem redistribution.

    Other Substances Encountered

    • Volatile substances (inhalants; toluene, analysis by GC).
    • Carbon monoxide (colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; high affinity for hemoglobin, analysis by measuring carboxyhemoglobin).
    • Salicylates (aspirin, Bengay®, analysis by ELISA or GC/MS).
    • Metals (Arsenic, Lead, Lithium, Mercury, Thallium; acute/chronic toxicity; analysis is challenging).
    • Anions (cyanide, analysis by GC/MS or spectrophotometry).

    Forensic Microbiology

    • Emerging discipline analyzing biocrimes/bioterrorism. Definitions: biological warfare, bioterrorism, biocrime, epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, zoonoses.
    • Case example: Anthrax attack (Bacillus anthracis, 2001).
    • Microbial forensic tools: Nucleic acid-based methods (MLVNTR), cultures (gold standard).
    • Preparedness: Anti-terrorist bill (1999), PulseNet, Bioterrorism Act (2002), Select Agents and Toxins List, plans.
    • Laboratory biosafety levels.

    Trace Evidence Analysis

    • Locard's exchange principle: every contact leaves a trace.
    • Comparative analysis of known (K) and questioned (Q) materials.
    • Class vs. individual characteristics. Class characteristics are more useful when subsets are very small.
    • Examples:
      • Fibers (natural/manufactured; color analysis, PLM).
      • Paints (binder, vehicle, solvent; microscopes; PGC; PDQ database).
      • Soil (organic humus and inorganic minerals; microscopes; HPLC).
      • Glass (physical fit, density, refractive index, microscopic analysis).

    Analysis of Seized Drugs

    • Components: Physical exam, sampling plans (using statistical tools like hypergeometric table).
    • Screening tests: Marquis, Duquenois-Levine. Qualitative analysis: GC-MS, microscopic (e.g., marijuana cystolithic hairs)
    • Using references such as PDR.

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    Test your knowledge on pharmacology and toxicology with this engaging quiz. It covers drug classifications, mechanisms of action, and various aspects of drug metabolism. Perfect for students and professionals alike in the field of health sciences.

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