General Pharmacology Overview - MBBS Y1 SEM2
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Questions and Answers

What is one source of antibiotics mentioned?

  • Salicylate
  • Human insulin
  • Growth hormone
  • Penicillin (correct)
  • What does pharmacogenomics primarily study?

  • The development of synthetic drugs
  • The impact of environmental toxins on drug efficacy
  • The synthesis of antibiotics from microorganisms
  • The genetic variations affecting drug response (correct)
  • What significant advance has been made in understanding inherited diseases?

  • Elimination of genetic modifications
  • Increased production of synthetic drugs
  • Decoding of various organisms' genomes (correct)
  • Development of natural antibiotics
  • Which term describes the insertion of a healthy gene into cells to correct abnormalities?

    <p>Gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of genetic modifications related to drug sensitivity?

    <p>Decreased drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'generic name' refer to when discussing drugs?

    <p>A simplified name used internationally before a drug becomes official.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pharmacology?

    <p>The action of drugs on living cells and the mechanisms of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug classification is restricted for sale only by prescription?

    <p>Prescription only medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a trade name of a drug?

    <p>It is registered and capitalized, owned by a manufacturer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of an over the counter drug?

    <p>Analgesic antipyretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding orphan drugs?

    <p>They are used to treat rare diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of name provides an easier pronunciation and memorization for drugs?

    <p>Trade name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes drugs?

    <p>Drugs are essential for treating, preventing, or diagnosing diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who began to develop experimental animal physiology and pharmacology in the late 18th century?

    <p>Francois Magendi and Claude Bernard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacokinetics study?

    <p>The body's effect on drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of pharmacology studies what the drug does to the body?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change in medicine occurred around the end of the 17th century?

    <p>Development of rational methods using observation and experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacotherapeutics primarily focus on?

    <p>Proper use and selection of drugs for disease prevention and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an animal source of drugs?

    <p>Insulin from the pancreas of animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major advancement in the field of pharmacology during the 18th to 20th centuries?

    <p>A foundation was laid for understanding drug actions and receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the earliest forms of medical knowledge based on prior to the 17th century?

    <p>Traditional remedies without experimental support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Overview

    • Definition: Study of the action of drugs on living cells and mechanisms of action, aimed at treating diseases.
    • Drugs: Chemical agents utilized in treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases.

    Drug Names

    • Chemical Name: Represents the chemical structure of a drug.
    • Generic Name: Common name assigned before official recognition; simpler and not capitalized.
    • Trade Name: Registered name with restricted use; easier to pronounce, capitalized first letter. Example:
      • Chemical: 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
      • Generic: Ampicillin
      • Trade: Principer, Ampicid

    Drug Classification

    • Prescription Only Medications (POM): Available only via prescription.
    • Over the Counter Drugs (OTC): Accessible to the public without a prescription, e.g., analgesics.
    • Orphan Drugs: Designed for rare diseases, e.g., recombinant antihemophilic factor.

    Aspects of Pharmacology

    • Toxicology: Branch dealing with undesirable chemical effects on living systems.
    • Pharmacokinetics: Studies what the body does to the drug, focusing on Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME).
    • Pharmacodynamics: Investigates what drugs do to the body and their mechanisms of action.
    • Pharmacotherapeutics: Focuses on the rational selection and usage of drugs for disease prevention and treatment.

    History of Pharmacology

    • Early understanding of plant and animal substances with benefits or toxicity; ancient records from China and Egypt.
    • Prehistoric to 17th century: Attempts to apply rational methods failed, lacking experimentation.
    • 17th century: Shift towards observation and experimentation in drug effects leading to the development of materia medica.
    • 18th to 20th centuries: Advances in chemistry and physiology enhance understanding of drug action.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Plant Sources: Examples include atropine from belladonna and quinine from cinchona.
    • Animal Sources: Insulin from pancreas and heparin from liver.
    • Mineral Sources: Include compounds like Mg sulfate.
    • Microorganisms: Antibiotics like penicillin derived from fungi and bacteria.
    • Synthetic Drugs: Such as barbiturates and salicylates.
    • Biotechnology: Production via genetic engineering, e.g., human insulin and growth hormone.

    Pharmacology and Genetics

    • Genetic underpinnings of certain inherited diseases revealed through DNA analysis.
    • Identification of anomalous DNA pairs allows for targeted research and potential gene therapy.
    • Variability in drug response linked to genetic modifications, particularly affecting enzyme activity.
    • Pharmacogenomics: Studies genetic variations affecting drug responses, enabling personalized medicine approaches. Future practice may involve genetic screening before drug prescription.

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    Description

    This quiz provides an overview of general pharmacology, outlining key terms, classifications of drugs, and their definitions. Enhance your understanding of pharmacology as you explore the history, sources, and various types of medications. Ideal for MBBS first-year students in their second semester.

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