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Questions and Answers
What is one source of antibiotics mentioned?
What is one source of antibiotics mentioned?
- Salicylate
- Human insulin
- Growth hormone
- Penicillin (correct)
What does pharmacogenomics primarily study?
What does pharmacogenomics primarily study?
- The development of synthetic drugs
- The impact of environmental toxins on drug efficacy
- The synthesis of antibiotics from microorganisms
- The genetic variations affecting drug response (correct)
What significant advance has been made in understanding inherited diseases?
What significant advance has been made in understanding inherited diseases?
- Elimination of genetic modifications
- Increased production of synthetic drugs
- Decoding of various organisms' genomes (correct)
- Development of natural antibiotics
Which term describes the insertion of a healthy gene into cells to correct abnormalities?
Which term describes the insertion of a healthy gene into cells to correct abnormalities?
What is a common outcome of genetic modifications related to drug sensitivity?
What is a common outcome of genetic modifications related to drug sensitivity?
What does the term 'generic name' refer to when discussing drugs?
What does the term 'generic name' refer to when discussing drugs?
What is the definition of pharmacology?
What is the definition of pharmacology?
Which type of drug classification is restricted for sale only by prescription?
Which type of drug classification is restricted for sale only by prescription?
What characteristic distinguishes a trade name of a drug?
What characteristic distinguishes a trade name of a drug?
What is a common example of an over the counter drug?
What is a common example of an over the counter drug?
Which statement is true regarding orphan drugs?
Which statement is true regarding orphan drugs?
What type of name provides an easier pronunciation and memorization for drugs?
What type of name provides an easier pronunciation and memorization for drugs?
Which of the following statements best describes drugs?
Which of the following statements best describes drugs?
Who began to develop experimental animal physiology and pharmacology in the late 18th century?
Who began to develop experimental animal physiology and pharmacology in the late 18th century?
What does pharmacokinetics study?
What does pharmacokinetics study?
Which branch of pharmacology studies what the drug does to the body?
Which branch of pharmacology studies what the drug does to the body?
What significant change in medicine occurred around the end of the 17th century?
What significant change in medicine occurred around the end of the 17th century?
What does pharmacotherapeutics primarily focus on?
What does pharmacotherapeutics primarily focus on?
Which of the following is an example of an animal source of drugs?
Which of the following is an example of an animal source of drugs?
What was a major advancement in the field of pharmacology during the 18th to 20th centuries?
What was a major advancement in the field of pharmacology during the 18th to 20th centuries?
What were some of the earliest forms of medical knowledge based on prior to the 17th century?
What were some of the earliest forms of medical knowledge based on prior to the 17th century?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Definition: Study of the action of drugs on living cells and mechanisms of action, aimed at treating diseases.
- Drugs: Chemical agents utilized in treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases.
Drug Names
- Chemical Name: Represents the chemical structure of a drug.
- Generic Name: Common name assigned before official recognition; simpler and not capitalized.
- Trade Name: Registered name with restricted use; easier to pronounce, capitalized first letter. Example:
- Chemical: 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
- Generic: Ampicillin
- Trade: Principer, Ampicid
Drug Classification
- Prescription Only Medications (POM): Available only via prescription.
- Over the Counter Drugs (OTC): Accessible to the public without a prescription, e.g., analgesics.
- Orphan Drugs: Designed for rare diseases, e.g., recombinant antihemophilic factor.
Aspects of Pharmacology
- Toxicology: Branch dealing with undesirable chemical effects on living systems.
- Pharmacokinetics: Studies what the body does to the drug, focusing on Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME).
- Pharmacodynamics: Investigates what drugs do to the body and their mechanisms of action.
- Pharmacotherapeutics: Focuses on the rational selection and usage of drugs for disease prevention and treatment.
History of Pharmacology
- Early understanding of plant and animal substances with benefits or toxicity; ancient records from China and Egypt.
- Prehistoric to 17th century: Attempts to apply rational methods failed, lacking experimentation.
- 17th century: Shift towards observation and experimentation in drug effects leading to the development of materia medica.
- 18th to 20th centuries: Advances in chemistry and physiology enhance understanding of drug action.
Sources of Drugs
- Plant Sources: Examples include atropine from belladonna and quinine from cinchona.
- Animal Sources: Insulin from pancreas and heparin from liver.
- Mineral Sources: Include compounds like Mg sulfate.
- Microorganisms: Antibiotics like penicillin derived from fungi and bacteria.
- Synthetic Drugs: Such as barbiturates and salicylates.
- Biotechnology: Production via genetic engineering, e.g., human insulin and growth hormone.
Pharmacology and Genetics
- Genetic underpinnings of certain inherited diseases revealed through DNA analysis.
- Identification of anomalous DNA pairs allows for targeted research and potential gene therapy.
- Variability in drug response linked to genetic modifications, particularly affecting enzyme activity.
- Pharmacogenomics: Studies genetic variations affecting drug responses, enabling personalized medicine approaches. Future practice may involve genetic screening before drug prescription.
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