Pharmacology and Substance Abuse

• R form is metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2.
• Warfarin is metabolized by CYP2C9.
• The activity of CYP2C9 is affected by genetic variation in the CYP2C9 gene.
• Heterozygous individuals have slowed clearance of warfarin by about 1/3.

1. Genetic variations in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 affect warfarin dosing.
2. Homozygous individuals for the less functional CYP2C9 allele have a 70% reduction in warfarin clearance.
3. Ethnicity impacts warfarin dosing due to different haplotypes of VKORC1.
4. Dietary changes and drug interactions can affect warfarin dosing.
5. Pharmacogenetic testing for warfarin dosing is available but implementation is limited.
6. Drug development involves rigorous testing for safety and efficacy.
7. Federal laws regulate drug safety and control substances through scheduling.
8. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
9. Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse and currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.
10. Schedule III and IV drugs have lower potential for abuse and accepted medical use.
11. Researchers and physicians are concerned about how casual substance abuse progresses to out-of-control use.
12. Substance abuse is influenced by genetics/epigenetics and socio-environmental factors.
13. Addiction is a relapsing, chronic disorder.
14. The younger the onset of abuse, the more likely to become addicted.
15. Abused substances "hijack" the learning and reward system.
16. Effective behavioral and medical treatments exist.
17. Involuntary treatment can also be effective.
18. Treatment should start as soon as possible and be continued for longer periods.
19. Prescription drugs can be hazardous.
20. Substance abuse is not a moral issue.

• The text mentions "molecular changes"
• No other information or context is provided to further summarize.

Test your knowledge on pharmacology and substance abuse with these informative and thought-provoking quizzes. Learn about drug metabolism, genetic variations, drug scheduling, addiction, and treatment options. Sharpen your understanding of the molecular changes involved in substance abuse and the impact of socio-environmental factors. Challenge yourself with these quizzes and expand your knowledge of these important topics.