Pharmacology and Placebo Effects Quiz

<p>The patient is not told whether they are receiving a placebo or a real drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the true effects of the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can help doctors understand how to maximize the effectiveness of treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the true effectiveness of the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-pass metabolism in the liver can break down the contraceptive before it reaches the bloodstream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Easy removal of the drug from the body if necessary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar decrease in effectiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical activity level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can have a rapid onset of action leading to a higher risk of overdose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher drug concentrations lead to faster clearance rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs with shorter half-lives require more frequent administration than drugs with longer half-lives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steady state guarantees that the drug concentration is maintained within a therapeutic range. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug may accumulate in the body, increasing the risk of side effects and toxicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug elimination occurs at a constant rate, independent of the drug's concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a drug is administered at high doses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug concentration reaches a plateau at a certain level, representing steady state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administration of a high dose of a drug with a long half-life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic Index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in nerve cell function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater safety margin for use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alteration in drug receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diminished sensitivity to drug effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug's ability to produce a desired effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The safety of a drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose at which 50% of patients experience the desired effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dose-response curves show the relationship between the dose of a drug and the response it elicits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ibuprofen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific receptors the drug targets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher TI implies a wider margin between the effective dose and the toxic dose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A faster rate of passage through cell membranes leads to higher drug bioavailability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug's color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance that dissolves in water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs with high lipid solubility are absorbed more readily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IV administration bypasses the breakdown of the drug in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longer distribution times allow for more drug to be broken down by the liver before reaching its target. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease bioavailability, as it is less able to move through cell membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reactions produced by a drug, including specific and nonspecific effects.

Effects that are directly related to the drug's active ingredient and target receptor.

Effects that occur due to factors other than the drug's pharmacological activity, like placebo effects.

A pharmacologically inactive substance that can produce real therapeutic effects and side effects.

The belief about drug efficacy that can influence the outcome of treatment.

Associating a drug with relief can increase effectiveness due to past experiences.

Factors such as individual differences, genetics, and medical history can affect how drugs work.

In clinical trials, controlling for placebo effects is essential to determine true drug efficacy.

The method used to introduce a drug into the body, impacting how much reaches systemic circulation.

The proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced and is available for action.

The process by which the liver breaks down drugs after administration, affecting bioavailability.

The number of cellular barriers a drug must cross, influencing its bioavailability.

The ability of a drug to dissolve in fats, affecting its absorption and ability to cross membranes.

The charge state of a drug that influences its solubility and absorption across membranes.

The structure of cell membranes made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, crucial for drug absorption.

The process by which lipid-soluble drugs move across cell membranes from high to low concentration without energy.

Absorption can be impacted by the presence of food, type of food, and physical activity.

The liver metabolizes drugs during their first pass, reducing their bioavailability.

Taking drugs by mouth; cost-effective but may have slow and variable absorption rates due to first-pass metabolism.

Administering drugs rectally; useful for those who can't take oral medication; can bypass first-pass depending on placement.

A rapid and accurate method of delivering drugs directly into the bloodstream but with risks of overdose.

Drugs are absorbed through lung membranes, leading to rapid psychoactive effects.

Some drugs can increase the activity of liver enzymes, affecting the metabolism of other drugs.

A potent opioid analgesic used to relieve pain.

Measurement of drug safety; ratio of toxic dose to effective dose.

Amount of drug required to produce a specific effect; lower dose indicates higher potency.

Ability of a drug to produce a desired effect; indicates which receptors are activated.

Receptors activated by drugs like hydromorphone for pain relief.

Dose that is effective in 50% of the patient population during trials.

Dose at which 50% of the patient population experiences adverse effects.

Graph that shows the relationship between drug dose and effect.

The dose of a drug that causes harmful effects.

The toxic dose leading to undesired effects in anxiety drugs, e.g., 30µg/kg.

The effective dose that achieves the desired effect in anxiety treatment, e.g., 15µg/kg.

Diminished response to a drug after repeated use, needing higher doses for effects.

Increased metabolism rate reduces drug availability at the target tissue.

Tolerance developed through environmental associations with drug effects.

Changes in nerve cell function adjust to continued drug presence, altering activation levels.

The time required for the concentration of a drug to reduce to 50%.

The speed at which a drug is removed from the body, depending on its concentration.

The chemical alteration of a drug by the body, typically through metabolism.

When drug absorption/distribution equals metabolism/excretion.

A situation where the rate of drug clearance is proportional to its concentration.

A situation where drugs are cleared at a constant rate, regardless of concentration.

Guidelines suggesting doses based on drug half-life and effects.

The risk of drug levels building up over time, leading to side effects.