NURS 3210 CH 2 PPT

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Questions and Answers

What is the reason why IV doses need to be lower than PO doses?

Because of the first-pass effect

What is the study of what the drug does to the body?

Pharmacodynamics

Which route of administration would give the slowest pain relief?

PO (oral)

What is the term for the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases?

Pharmacotherapeutics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decreasing response to repeated drug doses?

Tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug?

Psychological dependence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms?

Toxicology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the examination of treatment outcomes in relation to the comparative total costs of treatment with drug(s)?

Pharmacoeconomics Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body?

Pharmaceutics Signup and view all the answers

What is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the movement of drugs within the body?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the effects of drugs on the body?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What are the different routes of administration of drugs?

PO (oral), injections, topical, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the therapeutic use of drugs?

Pharmacotherapeutics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the science of drugs?

Pharmacology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism?

Drug Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of drug names?

Chemical name, generic name, and trade name Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed, and how does this relate to the concept of pharmacokinetics?

Enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed because the coating is designed to dissolve in the intestine, and crushing would cause the medication to be released in the stomach, which could lead to altered absorption. This relates to pharmacokinetics, specifically the absorption phase, where the body takes in the drug substance. Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of metabolism, as part of pharmacokinetics, impact the duration of a drug's effect in the body?

Metabolism, as part of pharmacokinetics, breaks down the drug into its active or inactive forms, which can affect the duration of the drug's effect in the body. Faster metabolism can lead to shorter duration, while slower metabolism can result in longer duration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics, and how does it relate to the concept of drug-receptor relationships?

The primary focus of pharmacodynamics is the study of what the drug does to the body, specifically examining how drugs interact with receptors to produce their effects. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to obtain a healthcare provider's order before changing the route of administration for a medication?

It is crucial to obtain a healthcare provider's order before changing the route of administration because the route of administration can significantly impact the drug's efficacy, side effects, and bioavailability, and only a healthcare provider can determine the appropriate route for a specific patient. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of pharmacotherapeutics relate to the organization of drugs into pharmacologic classes?

Pharmacotherapeutics defines the principles of drug actions, and as part of this, drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes based on their mechanisms of action, which helps in predicting their effects and interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and how do they relate to each other?

Pharmacokinetics focuses on what the body does to the drug, while pharmacodynamics focuses on what the drug does to the body. These two concepts are interconnected, as the body's actions on the drug (pharmacokinetics) influence the drug's effects on the body (pharmacodynamics). Signup and view all the answers

How do the concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relate to the clinical use of drugs in pharmacotherapeutics?

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are essential components of pharmacotherapeutics, as they help healthcare providers understand how drugs interact with the body and produce their effects, informing the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pharmacokinetics in determining the optimal dosage and administration schedule for a medication?

Pharmacokinetics plays a crucial role in determining the optimal dosage and administration schedule by identifying the rate and extent of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which informs the development of effective dosing regimens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which a large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites during the first pass effect?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a drug is transported by the bloodstream to its site of action?

Distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for the elimination of drugs from the body?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body?

Half-life Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action, where albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules?

Distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a drug is converted from an inactive prodrug to its active form?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the route of administration where drugs are applied to the skin and absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream?

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose?

Steady state Signup and view all the answers

What determines the peak level and trough level of a drug?

The length of time for onset, peak of action, and the duration of action Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if the peak blood level of a drug is too high?

Toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the highest blood level of a drug?

Peak level Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest blood level of a drug?

Trough level Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the metabolism of a drug before it becomes systemically available?

First-pass effect Signup and view all the answers

What can be expected when changing the route of administration from PO to IV for a medication with a high first-pass effect?

The IV dose will be higher because the first-pass effect is avoided Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of monitoring drug levels to ensure therapeutic levels and prevent toxicity?

Therapeutic drug monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacodynamics

Study of what the drug does to the body
Mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
Therapeutic effect
Drug-receptor relationships
Enzymes
Nonselective interactions

Pharmacotherapeutics

Clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Defines principles of drug actions
Cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules
Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes
Contraindications
Acute therapy
Maintenance therapy
Supplemental (or replacement) therapy
Palliative therapy
Supportive therapy
Prophylactic therapy
Empiric therapy
Monitoring
Therapeutic action
Adverse effects
Cumulative effects
Therapeutic index
Drug concentration
Patient condition
Tolerance: decreasing response to repeated drug doses
Dependence: physiologic or psychological need for a drug
Physical dependence: physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence: also known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug
Drug interactions
Additive effects
Synergistic effects
Antagonistic effects
Incompatibility
Adverse drug event (ADE)
Medication error
Adverse drug reaction
Medication use process in which errors can occur
Prescribing
Dispensing
Administering
Monitoring
Adverse drug reactions
Pharmacologic reaction
Hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
Idiosyncratic reaction
Drug interaction
Other drug effects
Teratogenic
Mutagenic
Carcinogenic effects

Pharmacognosy

Four main sources for drugs
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Laboratory synthesis

Pharmacoeconomics

Cost-benefit analysis
Examine treatment outcomes in relation to the comparative total costs of treatment with drug(s)

Toxicology

Science of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
Clinical toxicology
Care specifically to the poisoned patient
Poison Control Centers
Treatment based on system of priorities
ABCs
Prevent absorption of the toxic substance and/or speed its elimination from the body

Pharmacologic Principles

Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacogenomics (pharmacogenetics)
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacoeconomics
Toxicology

Pharmaceutics

Study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
Dissolution
Steady state
Physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Pharmacokinetics

Study of what the body does to the drug
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Bioavailability
First-pass effect
Large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver
Much smaller amount will be bioavailable
Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
Albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules
Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
Cytochrome P-450 enzymes
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
Enzymes
Prodrugs
Elimination of drugs from the body
Renal excretion
Biliary excretion
Bowel excretion
Half-life
Time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body
Measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body
After approximately five half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from the body

Routes of Administration

Oral (PO)
Parenteral (IV, IM, Subcutaneous)
Topical (skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, vagina)
Transdermal (skin patches)

Important Concepts

IV doses need to be lower than PO doses because of the first-pass effect
Parenteral routes result in the fastest absorption and therefore also the fastest effects
Oral administration is the slowest
The liquid form is appropriate because it is also given via the oral route
Enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed, and the patient should not be forced to take the tablets

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NURS 3210 CH 2 PPT

Questions and Answers

What is the reason why IV doses need to be lower than PO doses?

What is the study of what the drug does to the body?

Which route of administration would give the slowest pain relief?

What is the term for the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases?

What is the term for the decreasing response to repeated drug doses?

What is the term for the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug?

What is the term for the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms?

What is the term for the examination of treatment outcomes in relation to the comparative total costs of treatment with drug(s)?

What is the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body?

What is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the movement of drugs within the body?

What is the study of the effects of drugs on the body?

What are the different routes of administration of drugs?

What is the study of the therapeutic use of drugs?

What is the term for the study of the science of drugs?

What is the term for a chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism?

What are the three types of drug names?

What is the primary reason why enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed, and how does this relate to the concept of pharmacokinetics?

How does the process of metabolism, as part of pharmacokinetics, impact the duration of a drug's effect in the body?

What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics, and how does it relate to the concept of drug-receptor relationships?

Why is it crucial to obtain a healthcare provider's order before changing the route of administration for a medication?

How does the concept of pharmacotherapeutics relate to the organization of drugs into pharmacologic classes?

What is the primary difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and how do they relate to each other?

How do the concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relate to the clinical use of drugs in pharmacotherapeutics?

What is the primary role of pharmacokinetics in determining the optimal dosage and administration schedule for a medication?

What is the primary mechanism by which a large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites during the first pass effect?

What is the term for the process by which a drug is transported by the bloodstream to its site of action?

What is the term for the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite?

What is the primary organ responsible for the elimination of drugs from the body?

What is the term for the time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body?

What is the term for the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action, where albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules?

What is the term for the process by which a drug is converted from an inactive prodrug to its active form?

What is the term for the route of administration where drugs are applied to the skin and absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream?

What is the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose?

What determines the peak level and trough level of a drug?

What occurs if the peak blood level of a drug is too high?

What is the term for the highest blood level of a drug?

What is the term for the lowest blood level of a drug?

What is the term for the metabolism of a drug before it becomes systemically available?

What can be expected when changing the route of administration from PO to IV for a medication with a high first-pass effect?

What is the term for the process of monitoring drug levels to ensure therapeutic levels and prevent toxicity?

Study Notes

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacotherapeutics

Pharmacognosy

Pharmacoeconomics

Toxicology

Pharmacologic Principles

Pharmaceutics

Pharmacokinetics

Routes of Administration

Important Concepts

Studying That Suits You

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