NURS 3210 CH 2 PPT
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Questions and Answers

What is the reason why IV doses need to be lower than PO doses?

Because of the first-pass effect

What is the study of what the drug does to the body?

Pharmacodynamics

Which route of administration would give the slowest pain relief?

PO (oral)

What is the term for the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases?

<p>Pharmacotherapeutics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decreasing response to repeated drug doses?

<p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug?

<p>Psychological dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms?

<p>Toxicology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the examination of treatment outcomes in relation to the comparative total costs of treatment with drug(s)?

<p>Pharmacoeconomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body?

<p>Pharmaceutics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the movement of drugs within the body?

<p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the effects of drugs on the body?

<p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different routes of administration of drugs?

<p>PO (oral), injections, topical, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the therapeutic use of drugs?

<p>Pharmacotherapeutics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the science of drugs?

<p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism?

<p>Drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of drug names?

<p>Chemical name, generic name, and trade name</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed, and how does this relate to the concept of pharmacokinetics?

<p>Enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed because the coating is designed to dissolve in the intestine, and crushing would cause the medication to be released in the stomach, which could lead to altered absorption. This relates to pharmacokinetics, specifically the absorption phase, where the body takes in the drug substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of metabolism, as part of pharmacokinetics, impact the duration of a drug's effect in the body?

<p>Metabolism, as part of pharmacokinetics, breaks down the drug into its active or inactive forms, which can affect the duration of the drug's effect in the body. Faster metabolism can lead to shorter duration, while slower metabolism can result in longer duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics, and how does it relate to the concept of drug-receptor relationships?

<p>The primary focus of pharmacodynamics is the study of what the drug does to the body, specifically examining how drugs interact with receptors to produce their effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to obtain a healthcare provider's order before changing the route of administration for a medication?

<p>It is crucial to obtain a healthcare provider's order before changing the route of administration because the route of administration can significantly impact the drug's efficacy, side effects, and bioavailability, and only a healthcare provider can determine the appropriate route for a specific patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of pharmacotherapeutics relate to the organization of drugs into pharmacologic classes?

<p>Pharmacotherapeutics defines the principles of drug actions, and as part of this, drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes based on their mechanisms of action, which helps in predicting their effects and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and how do they relate to each other?

<p>Pharmacokinetics focuses on what the body does to the drug, while pharmacodynamics focuses on what the drug does to the body. These two concepts are interconnected, as the body's actions on the drug (pharmacokinetics) influence the drug's effects on the body (pharmacodynamics).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relate to the clinical use of drugs in pharmacotherapeutics?

<p>Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are essential components of pharmacotherapeutics, as they help healthcare providers understand how drugs interact with the body and produce their effects, informing the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pharmacokinetics in determining the optimal dosage and administration schedule for a medication?

<p>Pharmacokinetics plays a crucial role in determining the optimal dosage and administration schedule by identifying the rate and extent of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which informs the development of effective dosing regimens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which a large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites during the first pass effect?

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a drug is transported by the bloodstream to its site of action?

<p>Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite?

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for the elimination of drugs from the body?

<p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body?

<p>Half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action, where albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules?

<p>Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a drug is converted from an inactive prodrug to its active form?

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the route of administration where drugs are applied to the skin and absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream?

<p>Transdermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose?

<p>Steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the peak level and trough level of a drug?

<p>The length of time for onset, peak of action, and the duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if the peak blood level of a drug is too high?

<p>Toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the highest blood level of a drug?

<p>Peak level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lowest blood level of a drug?

<p>Trough level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the metabolism of a drug before it becomes systemically available?

<p>First-pass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be expected when changing the route of administration from PO to IV for a medication with a high first-pass effect?

<p>The IV dose will be higher because the first-pass effect is avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of monitoring drug levels to ensure therapeutic levels and prevent toxicity?

<p>Therapeutic drug monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacodynamics

  • Study of what the drug does to the body
  • Mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
  • Therapeutic effect
  • Drug-receptor relationships
  • Enzymes
  • Nonselective interactions

Pharmacotherapeutics

  • Clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
  • Defines principles of drug actions
  • Cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules
  • Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes
  • Contraindications
  • Acute therapy
  • Maintenance therapy
  • Supplemental (or replacement) therapy
  • Palliative therapy
  • Supportive therapy
  • Prophylactic therapy
  • Empiric therapy
  • Monitoring
  • Therapeutic action
  • Adverse effects
  • Cumulative effects
  • Therapeutic index
  • Drug concentration
  • Patient condition
  • Tolerance: decreasing response to repeated drug doses
  • Dependence: physiologic or psychological need for a drug
  • Physical dependence: physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
  • Psychological dependence: also known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug
  • Drug interactions
  • Additive effects
  • Synergistic effects
  • Antagonistic effects
  • Incompatibility
  • Adverse drug event (ADE)
  • Medication error
  • Adverse drug reaction
  • Medication use process in which errors can occur
  • Prescribing
  • Dispensing
  • Administering
  • Monitoring
  • Adverse drug reactions
  • Pharmacologic reaction
  • Hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
  • Idiosyncratic reaction
  • Drug interaction
  • Other drug effects
  • Teratogenic
  • Mutagenic
  • Carcinogenic effects

Pharmacognosy

  • Four main sources for drugs
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Minerals
  • Laboratory synthesis

Pharmacoeconomics

  • Cost-benefit analysis
  • Examine treatment outcomes in relation to the comparative total costs of treatment with drug(s)

Toxicology

  • Science of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
  • Clinical toxicology
  • Care specifically to the poisoned patient
  • Poison Control Centers
  • Treatment based on system of priorities
  • ABCs
  • Prevent absorption of the toxic substance and/or speed its elimination from the body

Pharmacologic Principles

  • Pharmaceutics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenomics (pharmacogenetics)
  • Pharmacotherapeutics
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Toxicology

Pharmaceutics

  • Study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
  • Dissolution
  • Steady state
  • Physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Pharmacokinetics

  • Study of what the body does to the drug
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Bioavailability
  • First-pass effect
  • Large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver
  • Much smaller amount will be bioavailable
  • Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
  • Albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules
  • Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
  • Cytochrome P-450 enzymes
  • Lipophilic
  • Hydrophilic
  • Enzymes
  • Prodrugs
  • Elimination of drugs from the body
  • Renal excretion
  • Biliary excretion
  • Bowel excretion
  • Half-life
  • Time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body
  • Measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body
  • After approximately five half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from the body

Routes of Administration

  • Oral (PO)
  • Parenteral (IV, IM, Subcutaneous)
  • Topical (skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, vagina)
  • Transdermal (skin patches)

Important Concepts

  • IV doses need to be lower than PO doses because of the first-pass effect
  • Parenteral routes result in the fastest absorption and therefore also the fastest effects
  • Oral administration is the slowest
  • The liquid form is appropriate because it is also given via the oral route
  • Enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed, and the patient should not be forced to take the tablets

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Chapter_002.pptx

Description

This quiz covers pharmacodynamics, drug administration routes, and pain relief methods. It tests knowledge on the first-pass effect, drug-receptor relationships, and enzyme interactions.

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